A European patent with unitary effect – or "Unitary Patent" – is a European patent, granted by the EPO under the rules and procedures of the European Patent Convention (EPC), to which, at the patent proprietor's request, unitary effect is given for the territory of the EU Member States participating in the Unitary Patent system that have ratified the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court. Initially, a Unitary Patent will cover the territory of the 17 participating EU Member States (see also "What is the territorial scope of a Unitary Patent?").
A Unitary Patent gives inventors uniform and territorially broad protection in the participating EU Member States. Uniform protection means that the rights conferred by a Unitary Patent and their limitations are the same for all the participating states, as are the available legal remedies.
Before the Unitary Patent was introduced, an inventor could protect an invention in Europe via a national patent or a European patent. The EPO examines applications for European patents centrally, saving inventors the costs of parallel national applications, while ensuring a high quality of granted patents.
However, granted European patents must be validated and maintained individually in each country where they take effect. This is a complex and very costly process: validation requirements differ between countries and can lead to high direct and indirect costs, including translation costs, validation fees (i.e. fees due in some countries for publication of the translations) and associated representation costs, such as the attorney fees charged for the validation and administration of the patent (i.e. payment of national renewal fees). These costs can be considerable and depend on the number of countries where the patent proprietor wishes to validate the European patent.
The Unitary Patent removes the need for these complex and costly national validation procedures. The EPO acts as a one-stop-shop, allowing for a simple registration of a Unitary Patent for the territory of, initially, 17 EU Member States.
For further details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
Under EU Regulation No 1257/2012 on the creation of Unitary Patent protection, the participating Member States have entrusted the EPO with the following tasks:
EPO decisions on Unitary Patents are taken by a new "Unitary Patent Division" set up under Article 143(2) EPC. Decisions of the Unitary Patent Division can be appealed to the Unified Patent Court.
The Unitary Patent system was launched on 1 June 2023 at the same time as the Unified Patent Court.
The Unitary Patent system is inextricably linked to the creation of the Unified Patent Court, which has jurisdiction over Unitary Patents and "conventional" European patents: the two EU regulations setting up the Unitary Patent (Regulations (EU) No 1257/2012 and (EU) No 1260/2012) took effect 1 June 2023, the date of entry into force of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court.
The secondary legislation on the Unitary Patent – in particular the Rules relating to Unitary Patent Protection – also entered into force on 1 June 2023. This is the legal framework that formally entrusts the EPO with the administration of the Unitary Patent.
The geographical scope of the Unitary Patent will eventually cover all the 25 EU Member States that have joined the enhanced co‑operation in the creation of Unitary Patent protection. But to be covered by the Unitary Patent, a Member State must not only be participating in this enhanced co‑operation but must also have ratified the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA) when unitary effect is registered. A total of 17 states had done so when the new system started on 1 June 2023.
The geographical scope of a given Unitary Patent remains the same for its lifetime and is not extended to those states that ratify the UPCA after its unitary effect has been registered.
A Unitary Patent offers an additional option for patent protection in Europe, available alongside the two existing options, namely the national route or a "conventional" European patent. Those preferring to seek protection in individual EPC contracting states can still file patent applications with those states' national patent offices, and it also remains possible to validate a European patent in one or more EPC contracting states.
Moreover, a Unitary Patent can be combined with a "conventional" European patent: it is possible to have a European patent registered as a Unitary Patent and additionally validate that European patent in the other EPC contracting states whose territories are not covered by the Unitary Patent. However, it is not possible to have double protection of an invention by a conventional European patent and a Unitary Patent in the states covered by the Unitary Patent.
The request for unitary effect is entirely free of charge, i.e. no filing, examination or registration fees are payable to the EPO for this.
The renewal fee for maintaining a Unitary Patent is set at a very attractive and business-friendly level. The total cost of renewal fees over the first ten years, which is the average lifetime of a European patent, is less than EUR 5 000.
A comparison of the fees and indirect costs shows that the overall cost of a Unitary Patent is significantly lower than the cost of validating and maintaining a conventional European patent in four countries.
The full cost-saving potential of a Unitary Patent becomes clear when the savings from its simplified administration are also factored into the equation:
What is more, SMEs are eligible for compensation of EUR 500 for the costs of filing a translation of their initial patent application into one of the three official languages at the EPO.
For further details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
Yes, a compensation scheme is in place to cover the costs of translating the application in the pre‑grant phase for individuals (natural persons), SMEs, non-profit organisations, universities and public research organisations. To be eligible for compensation, these entities must have their residence or principal place of business in an EU member state and must have filed the European patent application or Euro-PCT application leading to their Unitary Patent in an official EU language other than English, French or German.
However, compensation is granted only if expressly requested by the patent proprietor. The request for compensation must be filed together with the request for unitary effect. It must contain a declaration that the proprietor is a natural person or one of the entities mentioned above. The compensation – set at EUR 500 – complements the reduction in filing and examination fees already available when a European patent application and request for examination are filed in a language of an EPC contracting state other than English, French or German (Rule 6(3) EPC). For further details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
Besides this compensation scheme, the Unitary Patent system offers a range of other benefits for applicants with limited resources, such as SMEs, start-ups and universities. Before the Unitary Patent was introduced, many small entities tended to rely on national patents. As a result, they often ended up with no effective protection of their inventions in Europe at all or with protection only in a very small number of countries. The Unitary Patent system dismantles the bureaucratic and financial hurdles these small entities face in entering the EU market with their invention. A Unitary Patent offers broad and uniform territorial protection together with a business-friendly level of renewal fees. It eliminates the need to comply with validation requirements in each of the participating Member States and the high costs associated with this. These costs can be considerable, especially where a European patent is validated in several participating Member States, and typically include not only translation costs incurred for validations and the publication fees payable to the various national patent offices, but also the fees charged by local attorneys or other service providers. By contrast, there is no need to retain different local attorneys, agents or specialised service providers for a Unitary Patent. On the cost benefits of the Unitary Patent, see also "What does it cost?" and the EPO website.
Moreover, the proprietor of a conventional European patent may have to litigate in parallel in all countries where it is validated. Such multi-forum litigation is expensive and complex and can give rise to legal uncertainty. As a court common to the participating Member States, the Unified Patent Court centralises the litigation for both Unitary Patents and conventional European patents, which not only reduces the associated costs for the parties but also facilitates the development of consistent case law and so ensures greater legal certainty. For more information on the benefits for small entities in terms of the costs incurred before the UPC, please refer to its website.
Before unitary effect can be registered by the EPO, the applicant must first obtain a European patent. A European patent application must therefore be filed and processed under the EPC.
In order to be eligible for registration as a Unitary Patent, the European patent must have been granted with the same set of claims in respect of all the 25 Member States participating in enhanced co‑operation. This condition must be met irrespective of whether all these states will in fact be covered by the Unitary Patent. It is therefore important not to withdraw the designation of any of the 25 Member States participating in enhanced co‑operation because this would rule out obtaining a Unitary Patent. Moreover, the European patent should not contain a different set of claims for any of the participating Member States, as this too would prevent the EPO from registering a Unitary Patent.
Once a European patent has been granted, the proprietor must file a "request for unitary effect" at the EPO to obtain a Unitary Patent. The request must be filed in writing – which includes filing by online means – in the language of proceedings no later than one month after the date of publication of the mention of the grant in the European Patent Bulletin. The request for unitary effect must also contain a translation of the European patent (see also "Are there any translation requirements when requesting unitary effect?" for further details).
The EPO recommends using Form 7000 to file the request.
The request for unitary effect (Form 7000) should preferably be filed online. The EPO offers three ways to file Form 7000 online:
Online FilingIn Online Filing and Online Filing 2.0, Form 7000 is integrated, enabling the entry of the information required for the request for unitary effect via several tabs. With Web-Form Filing you can upload an already filled-out PDF version of Form 7000.
The request for unitary effect and any subsequently filed related documents should not be filed as an attachment to Form 1038.
More information on filing Form 7000 via Online Filing, Online Filing 2.0 and Web-Form Filing:
Online Filing: Make sure you have downloaded the latest Online Filing software (version 5). Then, in Online Filing, select Form 7000. If you wish to submit a further document related to your request, select Form 7038 and attach the document.
Online Filing 2.0: Make sure your administrator has given you the rights to draft, sign and/or send Forms 7000 and 7038 under Administration à Access rights / permissions. Then go to Start a procedure, select proprietor or representative as the role and choose Form 7000. If you wish to submit a further document related to your request, select Form 7038 and attach the document.
Web-Form Filing: Download Form 7000 and read the explanatory notes carefully before completing it. Then, to file the form in Web-Form Filing, under Filing type select 7000 - Request for unitary effect. If you wish to submit a further document related to your request, select 7038 - Subsequent filed documents as the filing type.
If, in spite of taking all due care required by the circumstances, you do not meet the period for filing a request for unitary effect – that is, one month after publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin (see Rule 6(1) of the Rules relating to Unitary Patent Protection (UPR)) – you can request re-establishment of rights in respect of this one‑month period (see Rule 22(1) UPR). However, your request for re-establishment must be filed within two months of expiry of the one-month period (see Rule 22(2) UPR), and you must also file the request for unitary effect within the same two-month period (Rule 22(3) UPR). You must also pay the prescribed fee.
For further details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
A Unitary Patent may be requested for any European patent granted on or after the date of application of Regulations (EU) No 1257/2012 and (EU) No 1260/2012. These two regulations took effect on 1 June 2023, the date of entry into force of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA).
To encourage early uptake of the Unitary Patent, the EPO introduced two transitional measures for users: the early request for unitary effect and the request for a delay in issuing the decision to grant a European patent. Valid from 1 January to 31 May 2023, these two transitional measures are no longer applicable since 1 June 2023 (see the notice from the EPO dated 26 April 2023 concerning the filing of early requests for unitary effect after entry into force of the Unitary Patent system).
No additional documents beyond the European patent specification published by the EPO under the EPC will be published for a Unitary Patent. However, Unitary Patent proprietors will be sent a certificate once unitary effect has been registered.
Representatives can file forms on behalf of a proprietor in OLF 2.0 by selecting "proprietor" when starting the procedure and then adding their own details in the "parties" section of the form.
Neither Online Filing (OLF) nor OLF 2.0 supports XML filings (i.e. attaching the form as an XML). However, the systems support the importing of packages. Therefore, if the package is constructed with a Patent Management System (PMS) gateway and it meets the standards and requirements, it can be imported into OLF and OLF 2.0.
The technical documentation on the PMS gateway can be found at
epo.org/applying/online-services/online-filing/interface.html.
The rules on representation are the same as apply under the EPC. Patent proprietors who have their residence or principal place of business in an EPC contracting state may act on their own behalf in proceedings before the EPO with respect to the Unitary Patent.
Patent proprietors who do not have a residence or a principal place of business in an EPC contracting state must appoint a representative and act through them in all EPO proceedings concerning their Unitary Patent, including the procedural act of requesting unitary effect (see Rule 20(1) and (2)(l) and (3) of the Rules relating to Unitary Patent Protection). However, compulsory representation does not apply to the payment of fees (Article 6 of the Rules relating to Fees for Unitary Patent Protection).
For more details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
Representatives may be authorised either by an individual authorisation or by a general authorisation. However, an extra authorisation is needed for all proceedings relating to a Unitary Patent. In particular, an authorisation issued for all proceedings established by the EPC does not automatically cover the proceedings relating to a Unitary Patent. A separate check box has therefore been added to Forms 1003 (individual authorisation) and 1004 (general authorisation) which can be used to issue authorisation for all proceedings relating to a Unitary Patent. There are also two forms – 7003 and 7004 – which can be used, respectively, to issue an individual and a general authorisation that applies only to a Unitary Patent. When filing Form 7000 (request for unitary effect), it is possible simply to refer to a previously filed specific or general authorisation if it also covers proceedings relating to Unitary Patents.
In accordance with the requirements set out in Regulations (EU) No 1257/2012 and (EU) No 1260/2012 and in Rule 6(2)(d) of the Rules relating to Unitary Patent Protection, the EPO checks whether the translation has been filed together with the request for unitary effect. If not, the Office will give another opportunity to file the required translation within a non‑extendable period of one month. The translation is for information purposes only and has no legal effect. Therefore, it does not have to be certified and the EPO does not check its accuracy. Nevertheless, according to Recital 12 of Regulation (EU) No 1260/2012, such translations should not be carried out by automated means.
For more details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
According to Article 6(1) Regulation (EU) No 1260/2012 and Rule 6(2)(d) UPR, a full translation of the specification of the European patent is required. Under Rule 73(1) EPC, the specification of the European patent includes the description, the claims and any drawings. Therefore, the translation of the description, the claims and of any text in the drawings needs to be filed.
For more details, please see the Unitary Patent Guide.
The translation of the European patent must be filed in accordance with the form requirements for the description, the claims and drawings as provided in the Decision of the President of the European Patent Office dated 25 November 2022 on the presentation of application and other documents. The translation should be drawn up in a form enabling it to be disseminated, i.e. it should be typewritten or printed (see Rule 50(2) EPC, Rule 20(2)(c) UPR and point 60 of the Unitary Patent Guide).
No, notification of an opt-out from the exclusive competence of the Unified Patent Court can only be filed with the UPC Registry. It cannot be filed with the EPO. For further details, please see the FAQ on the UPC website at https://www.unified-patent-court.org/en/faq/opt-out#faqs.
Yes. A Register for unitary patent protection has been set up as an integral but special, i.e. dedicated, part of the European Patent Register already kept by the EPO under Article 127 EPC. For reasons of legal certainty and transparency for users, the Register for unitary patent protection has the same basic structure and functionality as the European Patent Register, but there are some new panel views for the Unitary Patent.
The Register for unitary patent protection contains all the entries expressly listed in Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012. These include, in particular, the fact that unitary effect has been registered and the date of its registration, as well as other procedural information, such as the date of filing of the request for unitary effect, the participating Member States in which the Unitary Patent has effect and the date of filing – and, if applicable, the date of any withdrawal – of a statement on licences of rights. Data on the payment of renewal fees for Unitary Patents and information on any decisions on the validity of Unitary Patents taken by the Unified Patent Court are also shown. For a full list of the entries, see Rule 16(1) of the Rules relating to Unitary Patent Protection.
Yes, starting from the date of entry into force of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court on 1 June 2023, the European Patent Register shows whether a European patent has been opted out of the exclusive competence of the Unified Patent Court.
Article 7(1) Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012 ("Treating a European patent with unitary effect as a national patent") states:
"a European patent with unitary effect as an object of property shall be treated in its entirety and in all the participating Member States as a national patent of the participating Member State in which that patent has unitary effect and in which, according to the European Patent Register:
(a) the applicant had his residence or principal place of business on the date of filing of the application for the European patent; or
(b) where point (a) does not apply, the applicant had a place of business on the date of filing of the application for the European patent."
The request for grant of a European patent is to be filed using a form drawn up by the European Patent Office (EPO Form 1001, see Rule 41(1) EPC). For international applications under the PCT, the request must be made using Form PCT/RO/101 (see Rule 3.1 PCT). Whereas EPO Form 1001 requires applicants to indicate their residence or principal place of business (see Rule 41(2)(c) EPC), Form PCT/RO/101 requires them to indicate their residence (see Rule 4.5(c) PCT). In order to display the residence or principal place of business on the date of filing in the Register for unitary patent protection, the EPO provides a link to EPO Form 1001 in the case of a European patent application and a link to Form PCT/RO/101 in the case of a Euro-PCT application.
A place of business on the date of filing the European patent application within the meaning of Article 7(1)(b) Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012 (see Rule 16(1)(w) UPR) can be voluntarily indicated together with the request for unitary effect.
It can prove useful to have an entry in the Register for unitary patent protection (which is an integral part of the European Patent Register) showing "a place of business on the date of filing" (see Rule 16(1)(w) UPR) in cases where an applicant, when filing a European patent application or international application under the PCT designating or electing the EPO (Euro-PCT application), did not have a residence or principal place of business in one of the participating Member States within the meaning of Article 7(1)(a) Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012, for example where this residence or principal place of business was in the United States of America or Switzerland (see Rule 16(1)(x) UPR).
Providing information on such a "place of business on the date of filing" is voluntary. However, it can only be provided together with the request for unitary effect (Rule 16(1)(w) UPR). If, in the case described above, no information concerning such a place of business is provided together with the request, German law applies with regard to the treatment of the European patent with unitary effect as an object of property pursuant to Article 7(3) Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012.
Please see also the Unitary Patent Guide.
Unitary Patents are assigned a specific identifier (the identifier "C0") in the Register for unitary patent protection, the European Patent Bulletin and in the data sets provided by the EPO, making it easier to identify them through the EPO's patent information products and services, e.g. Espacenet and Global Patent Index.
From 1 September 2022, the EPO will carry out systematic top-up searches to find earlier national rights in all EPC contracting states and assess their prima facie relevance. The new service will be available free of charge and will not require a request from the applicant.
EPO examiners carry out a search for any additional conflicting European applications falling within the area defined by Article 54(3) EPC unless this was already covered by the European search report. In addition to retrieving Article 54(3) documents which were not available at the time of the initial search, the EPO's top-up search takes into consideration, inter alia, potentially relevant prior art cited by other patent offices on applications belonging to the same patent family as the application under examination at the EPO, and therefore needs to be performed for any file at the start and end of examination (see Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, C-IV, 7.1).
Under Article 139(2) EPC, a national patent application and a national patent in a contracting state have with regard to a European patent designating that contracting state the same prior right effect as if the European patent were a national patent. This refers to national applications of one or more states designated in the European application of which the filing dates are prior to the filing or priority date of the European application and which were published as national applications or patents on or after that date.
Earlier national rights are not included in the state of the art for the purposes of the EPO examination for patentability (Article 54 EPC). However, under Article 139(2) EPC, after the European patent has been granted earlier national rights can be invoked as a ground for revocation in national proceedings. Therefore, applicants can file separate sets of claims for countries in which earlier national rights are found (Rule 138 EPC).
The Unitary Patent system is expected to start at the beginning of 2023. A European patent with unitary effect ("Unitary Patent") is a European patent that is granted by the EPO under the rules and procedures of the EPC and given, at the patent proprietor's request, unitary effect for the territory of those EU member states that are participating in the enhanced co-operation in the creation of Unitary Patent protection and have ratified the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA). To be eligible for the registration of unitary effect, the European patent must have been granted with the same set of claims in respect of all the 25 participating member states (see Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) No. 1257/2012).
From 1 September 2022, the EPO will assist applicants in their decisions whether to file separate sets of claims by providing them with non-binding information, in a communication under Rule 71(3) EPC, about earlier national rights that were found to be prima facie relevant. Since the service is not a requirement under the EPC but an extra quality measure provided by the EPO free of charge to users, applicants are reminded of their responsibility to make in-depth assessments of earlier national rights and the need to file separate sets of claims (see Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, G-IV, 6).
It is noted that this new service will be carried out for all applications in respect of which the examiner triggered a communication under Rule 71(3) EPC on or after 1 September 2022. Please note, however, that in the transitional phase, internal processing times between the triggering and the despatch of that communication mean that the service will not necessarily cover all applications for which a communication under Rule 71(3) EPC is despatched on or after 1 September 2022. If a top-up search for earlier national rights has been carried out, along with an assessment of their prima facie relevance, the communication under Rule 71(3) EPC will expressly indicate so.
For further information, see also the FAQ "What are the requirements for obtaining a European patent with unitary effect (Unitary Patent)?"
Yes, it is possible to benefit from a Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC) extension in case Unitary Patent protection is chosen by the patent proprietor. SPCs, which apply to specific pharmaceutical and plant protection products, may extend the term of the patent by up to 5 years.
Under current SPC legislation, a European patent with unitary effect is as a “basic patent“ within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 469/2009 and Regulation (EC) No 1610/96. Both Regulations thus apply in the same way to a Unitary Patent as to a “classical“ European patent.
However, under the current SPC legislation, Unitary Patents can only be extended by national SPCs (see the European Commission Call for Evidence 2022, page 2, point 2). The Commission has announced that it is envisaged to create a system of Unitary SPCs.
For more information, please see the official website of the European Union on the SPCs
