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Case Law of the Boards of Appeal – Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office
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I. Patentability

Overview

I. PATENTABILITY

You are viewing the 9th edition (2019) of this publication; for the 10th edition (2022) see here

A.Patentable inventions

1.Patent protection for technical inventions
1.1.Technical character of an invention
1.2.Separate and independently patentability requirements
1.3.Absolute and relative patentability requirements
1.4.Verification of the presence of an invention under Article 52(1) EPC
1.4.1Assessment of the invention independently of the prior art
 a) Earlier case law of the boards of appeal: the "contribution approach"
 b) Abandonment of the "contribution approach"
 c) Some consequences of abandoning the contribution approach
1.4.2Technical considerations and technical implementations
1.4.3Methods involving technical means
1.4.4Methods used in a technical process carried out on a physical entity
1.4.5Apparatus constituting a physical entity or concrete product
2.Non-inventions under Article 52(2) and (3) EPC
2.1.Introduction
2.2.Discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods
2.2.1Discoveries and scientific theories
2.2.2Mathematical methods
2.3.Aesthetic creations
2.4.Computer-implemented inventions
2.4.1Introduction
2.4.2Patentability of computer programs
2.4.3Programs for computers and technical character
 a) Further effects of programs for computers
 b) Technical effect on a physical entity
 c) Technical considerations: programming a computer
 d) Technical considerations: implementation of a function on a computer system
 e) Methods performed by a computer
 f) Computer-implemented simulation methods
2.4.4Claims on computer programs
 a) Computer program recorded on the medium
 b) Exclusion of computer programs under Article 52(2) and (3) EPC
2.5.Schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business
2.5.1Methods for doing business
2.5.2Methods for performing mental acts
2.5.3Word-processing
2.6.Presentations of information
2.6.1User Interfaces

B.Exceptions to patentability

1.Introduction
1.1.Amendments made to Article 53 EPC as part of the EPC 2000 revision
1.2.Basic principles
2.Breaches of "ordre public" or morality
2.1.‍‍Rule 28 EPC
2.1.1Scope of exception under Rule 28(c) EPC
2.1.2Scope of exception under Rule 28(d) EPC
2.1.3Test date
2.2.‍‍Article 53(a) EPC
2.2.1Test date
2.2.2Assessment of an objection according to Article 53(a) EPC
 a) Difference from test under Rule 28(d) EPC
 b) Concept of "morality" and "ordre public"
 c) Donor consent
3.Patentability of biological inventions
3.1.Plants and plant varieties
3.1.1Definition of the term "plant varieties"
3.1.2Limits to patentability
3.2.Animals and animal varieties
3.3.Essentially biological processes
3.3.1Essentially biological processes for the production of animals
3.3.2Essentially biological processes for the production of plants
 a) ‍‍G 2/07 and G 1/08
 b) Patentable technical processes
3.3.3Product claims for plants or plant material
3.4.Microbiological processes and the products thereof
3.4.1The concept of "microbiological processes"
3.4.2Difference between microbiological and genetic‑engineering processes
4.Medical methods
4.1.Introduction
4.2.Methods for treatment by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods
4.2.1Distinction in the approach
4.2.2Uniform approach: no need for practitioner involvement
4.3.Surgical methods
4.3.1One surgical step in a multi-step method
4.3.2Treatment by surgery not limited to surgery for a therapeutic purpose
4.3.3Towards a new concept of "treatment by surgery"
4.3.4"Treatment by surgery" in the case law since G 1/07
 a) Surgical nature of a method step
 b) Surgical step part of claimed method?
 c) Apparatus claim – disguised method claim?
4.3.5Avoiding the exclusion of methods of treatment by surgery from patent protection under Article 53(c) EPC
 a) Claim cannot be left to encompass surgical step
 b) Disclaimer
 c) Methods only concerning the operation of a device
4.3.6Data obtained during surgery
4.4.Therapeutic methods
4.4.1The term "therapy"
 a) Definition of the term
 b) Application in the case law
4.4.2Methods with both therapeutic and non-therapeutic indications
 a) Inevitable and inextricably linked therapeutic effect of the claimed method
 b) Therapeutic and non-therapeutic effects distinguishable
4.4.3Avoiding the non‑patentability under Article 53(c) EPC of methods with therapeutic effect
4.5.Diagnostic methods
4.5.1Opinion G 1/04 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
 a) What constitutes "diagnostic methods"
 b) Involvement of practitioner
 c) The criterion "practised on the human or animal body"
 d) Clarity of a claim relating to diagnostic methods
 e) Intermediate findings of diagnostic relevance
4.5.2Case law applying the principles developed in G 1/04

C.Novelty

1.General
2.State of the art
2.1.General
2.2.Applications with same filing or priority date
2.3.Relevant date of documents
2.4.Prior rights – Article 54(3) EPC
2.4.1European prior rights
2.4.2Applicability of Article 54(3) EPC in cases of potentially colliding European parent and divisional applications
2.4.3Excluded national prior rights
2.4.4PCT applications as state of the art
2.5.Non-prejudicial disclosures under Article 55 EPC
2.6.In-house knowledge not published before the priority date
2.7.Prior art acknowledged in a patent application
2.8.Common general knowledge
2.8.1Definition of "common general knowledge"
2.8.2Patent specifications as common general knowledge
2.8.3Specialist journals as common general knowledge
2.8.4Databases as common general knowledge
2.8.5Proof of common general knowledge
3.Availability to the public
3.1.General
3.2.Ways of making information available to the public
3.2.1Publications and other printed documents
 a) General
 b) Company papers
 c) Advertising brochure
 d) Report available in the specialist field
 e) Books
 f) Instruction manual
 g) Patent and utility models
 h) Trade names
 i) Abstracts of documents
3.2.2Lectures and oral disclosure
3.2.3Internet disclosures
 a) General
 b) Public availability of a document stored on the World Wide Web
 c) Publication date
3.2.4Public prior use
 a) General
 b) Public prior use occurred
 c) No public prior use
 d) Internal structure or composition of a product
3.2.5Biological material
3.3.The concept of "the public"
3.3.1Sale to a single customer
3.3.2Making available to a person not skilled in the art
3.3.3A limited circle of people
3.3.4Public library
3.4.Obligation to maintain secrecy
3.4.1General
3.4.2Parts for serial production
3.4.3Distribution of prospectuses, technical descriptions
3.4.4Commercial inter-relationships and interests
3.4.5Demonstrating products for presentation purposes
3.4.6Presenting the product in writing
3.4.7Making samples/products available for test purposes
3.4.8Conferences
3.4.9Public availability of documents submitted for standardisation
3.4.10Joint venture and other commercial agreements
3.4.11Paper submitted to obtain an academic degree
3.4.12Medical field
3.4.13Notary
3.5.Evidence
3.5.1Burden of proof
3.5.2Standard of proof
 a) General
 b) Public prior use
 c) Internet – proof of the date of availability
4.Determining the content of the relevant prior art
4.1.General rules of interpretation
4.2.Combinations within a prior art document
4.3.Taking implicit features into account
4.4.Taking intrinsic features into account
4.5.Taking equivalents into account
4.6.Taking drawings into account
4.7.Taking examples into account
4.8.Broad claims
4.9.Deficiencies and mistakes in a disclosure
4.10.Accidental disclosure
4.11.Reproducibility of the content of the disclosure
5.Ascertaining differences
5.1.Comparing each individual item from the prior art
5.2.Distinguishing features
5.2.1Difference in wording
5.2.2Differences in values
5.2.3Difference in parameters
5.2.4Difference in composition
5.2.5Functional features
5.2.6Generic disclosure
5.2.7Product claim with process features
5.2.8Non-technical distinguishing features
6.Chemical inventions and selection inventions
6.1.General
6.2.Novelty of chemical compounds and groups of compounds
6.2.1Anticipation of certain compounds
 a) Definition of a substance by its structural formula or other parameters
 b) Selection of starting substances from different lists
 c) Selection on the basis of a general formula
6.2.2Novelty of groups of substances
6.2.3Novelty of enantiomers
6.2.4Achieving a higher degree of purity
6.3.Selection of parameter ranges
6.3.1Selection from a broad range
6.3.2Overlapping ranges
6.3.3Multiple selection
6.4.Subject-matter group
7.First and second medical use
7.1.First medical use
7.1.1Introduction
7.1.2Scope of a purpose-related product claim
7.1.3Protection of a preparation in the form of a "kit-of-parts"
7.1.4Further technical information as compared with the state of the art
7.2.Second (or further) medical use
7.2.1Introduction
7.2.2Transitional provisions
7.2.3Purpose-limited product claims and Swiss-type claims – scope of protection
7.2.4Novelty of the therapeutic application
 a) General
 b) New therapeutic application based on the group of subjects to be treated
 c) New technical effect
 d) Same illness
 e) New dosage regimen
 f) New therapy with a different mode of administration
 g) Interpretation of "substance or composition"
 h) Statement of purpose of surgical use for a known instrument
 i) Discovery of a previously unknown property of a compound underlying the known effect
 j) Whether there is a therapeutic method
8.Second (or further) non-medical use
8.1.Novelty criteria for use claims and process claims containing a purpose feature
8.1.1General issues decided before the Enlarged Board of Appeal
8.1.2Non-therapeutic treatment of animals
 a) Non-therapeutic application
8.1.3Applicability of G 2/88 and G 6/88 to process claims
 a) General
 b) Different treatment of use and process claims
 c) Interpretation of process claims
 d) Use of a known process for a particular purpose
 e) Discovery of new properties/technical effects underlying the known use
 f) Use of a substance to achieve a technical effect only attained in special circumstances
8.1.4Statement of purpose in non-medical use claims in view of Article 52(4) EPC 1973
8.1.5Novelty criteria for product claims with purpose characteristics

D.Inventive step

1.Introduction
2.Problem and solution approach
3.Closest prior art
3.1.Determination of closest prior art in general
3.2.Same purpose or effect
3.3.Similarity of the technical problem
3.4.Most promising starting point
3.4.1General
3.4.2Most promising springboard
3.5.Further criteria for determining the closest prior art
3.5.1Defective disclosure
3.5.2Confidential disclosure in the application
3.5.3Speculative character
3.5.4Old prior art documents
3.5.5Improvement of a production process for a known product
3.6.Consequences of choosing a certain starting point
4.Technical problem
4.1.Determination of the technical problem
4.2.Alleged advantages
4.3.Formulation of the technical problem
4.3.1No pointer to the solution
4.3.2Problem formulated in the patent application as starting point
4.3.3Formulation of partial problems – lack of unity
4.4.Reformulation of the technical problem
4.4.1General
4.4.2Subsequently invoked technical effect
4.5.Alternative solution to a known problem
4.6.Solving a technical problem – post-published documents
5."Could-would approach"
6.Ex post facto analysis
7.Expectation of success, especially in the field of genetic engineering and biotechnology
7.1.Reasonable expectation of success
7.2.Try and see situation
8.Skilled person
8.1.Definition of the skilled person
8.1.1Definition
8.1.2Competent skilled person – group of people as "skilled person"
8.1.3Definition of the person skilled in the art in the field of biotechnology
8.1.4Identification of the skilled person in the case of computer-implemented inventions
8.2.Neighbouring field
8.3.Skilled person – level of knowledge
8.4.Everyday items from a different technical field
9.Assessment of inventive step
9.1.Treatment of technical and non-technical features
9.1.1Technical character of an invention
9.1.2Inventions having both technical and non-technical features
9.1.3Problem and solution approach when applied to "mixed" inventions
 a) General issues
 b) The Comvik approach
 c) Non-technical features and technical contribution
 d) Non-technical features and interaction with technical subject matter
 e) Technical implementation of excluded subject-matter
9.1.4The aim to be achieved in the formulation of the technical problem
9.1.5Credible technical effects
9.1.6Assesment of features relating to a presentation of information
 a) Mental activities based on data visualisation
 b) Display of data and user preferences
9.1.7Assesment of features relating to meta methods for software production
9.1.8Assesment of features relating to mathematical algorithms
9.2.Combination invention
9.2.1Existence of a combination invention
9.2.2Partial problems
9.3.Combination of teachings
9.4.Technical disclosure in a prior art document
9.5.Features not contributing to the solution of the problem
9.6.Substitution of materials – analogous use
9.7.Combination of documents
9.8.Chemical inventions
9.8.1Problem and solution approach in chemical inventions
9.8.2Structural similarity
9.8.3Broad claims
9.8.4Intermediate products
9.8.5Predictable improvements resulting from amorphous forms as compared to crystalline forms
9.8.6Synergistic effects
9.9.Equivalents
9.10.Selection inventions
9.11.Problem inventions
9.12.New use of a known measure
9.13.Obvious new use
9.14.Need to improve properties
9.15.Disclaimer
9.16.Optimisation of parameters
9.17.Small improvement in commercially used process
9.18.Analogy process – envisageable product
9.19.Examples of lack of inventive step
9.19.1Foreseeable disadvantageous or technically non-functional modifications
9.19.2Technical standards
9.19.3Reversal of procedural steps
9.19.4Purposive selection
9.19.5Automation
9.19.6Enhanced effect
9.19.7Simplification of complicated technology
9.19.8Choice of one of several obvious solutions
9.19.9Several obvious steps
9.19.10Selection from obvious alternatives
9.19.11Putting the closest prior art device into practice
9.19.12Animal testing and human clinical trials
10.Secondary indicia in the assessment of inventive step
10.1.General issues
10.2.Technical prejudice
10.3.Age of documents – time factor
10.4.Satisfaction of a long-felt need
10.5.Commercial success
10.6.Market competitors
10.7.Simple solution
10.8.Surprising effect – bonus effect
10.9.Comparative tests

E.The requirement of industrial application under Article 57 EPC

1.Notion of "industrial application"
1.1.Invention and industrial application
1.2.Any kind of industry
1.2.1Methods applied in the private and personal sphere
1.2.2Cosmetic and beauty salons
2.Reproducibility and sufficiency of disclosure
3.Indication of a profitable use of the invention in industry
New decisions
T 2825/19

Assessment of technicality of programs for computers: "further technical considerations" in the sense of opinion G 3/08

T 2702/18

1. Zwischen Zulieferern und Kunden der Fahrzeugindustrie ist ein branchenübliches Vertrauensverhältnis anzunehmen, das es qua Handelsbrauch verbietet, dass der Zulieferer Betriebsgeheimnisse des Kunden, in deren Besitz er im Rahmen der Kooperation mit diesem kommt, an beliebige Dritte weitergibt. Hieraus ergibt sich aber keine Verpflichtung des Zulieferers, sein eigenes Wissen oder aus der Kooperation erlangte Kenntnisse über Vorrichtungen, die der Kunde bereits zuvor öffentlich zugänglich gemacht hatte, geheim zu halten. 2. Eine weitergehende stillschweigende Geheimhaltungsvereinbarung über sämtliche Umstände einer Kooperation setzt (im Anschluss an T 830/90, Gründe 3.2.2) voraus, dass beide Parteien einen entsprechenden Rechtsbindungswillen hatten und konkludent zum Ausdruck brachten, die gemeinsame Entwicklung nicht an die Öffentlichkeit gelangen zu lassen - zumindest nicht solange,wie ein gemeinsames Interesse an einer Geheimhaltung besteht. 3. Die Annahme einer tatsächlichen Vermutung, dass die Partner einer gemeinsamen Weiterentwicklung im Bereich des Fahrzeugbaus sich im Zweifel bis zur Veröffentlichung des entwickelten Produkts gegenseitig bindend zur Geheimhaltung verpflichten wollen, setzt als Anknüpfungstatsachen zumindest die Feststellung des Bewusstseins voraus, dass es sich um eine gemeinsame Entwicklung beider Partner handelt, und dass beide Seiten an einer Geheimhaltung interessiert sein werden.

T 2058/18

the (technically) skilled person might be considered a multilingual person but not normally a linguist (Reasons 3.13.7).

T 2037/18

1. Nach den im Rahmen des EPÜ geltenden Regeln zur Darlegungs- und Beweislast hat jede Partei die ihr günstigen Tatsachen vorzutragen und zu beweisen, 'negativa non sunt probanda' (siehe Punkte 4 und 8). 2. Dementsprechend ist die Übergabe eines vorbenutzten Gegenstandes an einen Käufer durch den Einsprechenden vorzutragen und zu beweisen, die etwaige Bindung des Empfängers durch eine Geheimhaltungsvereinbarung (=Vertraulichkeitsabrede) vom Patentinhaber (siehe Punkt 8). 3. Der Vortrag des Patentinhabers kann zwar ggfs. zur Entstehung einer sekundären Darlegungs- und Beweislast des Einsprechenden führen, dies jedoch nur 'ex nunc' und damit ohne Auswirkung auf das Substantiierungserfordernis im Rahmen der Einspruchsschrift gemäß Regel 76 (2) c), 3. Punkt EPÜ (siehe Punkte 10 bis 13). 4. Es besteht keine aus der Rechtsprechung der Beschwerdekammern bekannte Vermutung, wonach zwischen Herstellern von Schienenfahrzeugen und Bahnbetreibergesell­schaften bezüglich ausgelieferter und abgenommener Fahrzeuge in der Regel Vertraulichkeit vereinbart ist (siehe Punkt 17).

T 1599/18

Lack of novelty (see point 14): there is no need that a prior art document explicitly mentions the claimed features. It is necessary and sufficient that an embodiment falling under the claim scope be directly and unambiguously derivable from the prior art document. That an alternative exists does not change this: it is possible that multiple alternatives can be considered directly und unambiguously derivable, even when none is explicitly mentioned. Right to be heard (see points 18 and 29): the right to be heard does not entail a right to an amendment, but a right to present comments on why a specific request should be admitted to the proceedings.

T 1408/18

Ein Geschäftsmann, der ein Produkt anbieten möchte, welches die Durchführung einer Transaktion mit nur einem Endgerät ermöglicht, würde vorgeben, dass diese erst nach einer Autorisierung durch den Benutzer ausgeführt wird und auch, dem Trend der Zeit entsprechend, dass es wünschenswert wäre, wenn der Benutzer alle erforderlichen Eingaben auf seinem Smartphone vornehmen könnte. Demgegenüber fällt die Verwendung eines TAN-basierten Verfahrens einschließlich der Frage, wie eine sichere Übertragung der TAN ermöglicht werden kann, in die Sphäre des technischen Fachmanns. Denn ausgehend von einer traditionellen PIN basierten Passwort Authentifizierung bildet die Verwendung einer TAN, das heißt eines Einmalpasswortes, eine zweite Sicherheitsebene. Die damit verbundene Interaktion von zwei Applikationen und Kommunikationskanälen zum Erhalten und Bereitstellen einer TAN führt zu einer Zwei-Faktor-Authentisierung, die eine erhöhte Sicherheit gewährleistet. Damit liegen dem TAN-Verfahren unabhängig von seiner konkreten Anwendung technische Überlegungen zugrunde, die über das hinausgehen, was von einem Geschäftsmann an technischem Verständnis erwartet werden kann (vgl. hierzu auch T 1082/13 - Computer implemented system offering replacement services for applying tax legislation/SAP, Entscheidungsgründe 4.8, und T 2455/13 - Überwachung von Kapitalunterlegungshöhen bei Risikoereignissen/SWISS RE, Entscheidungsgründe 3.10 bis 3.12 sowie Orientierungssatz)(siehe Entscheidungsgründe 6.2).

T 1338/18

La découverte de l'ampleur d'un effet survenant lors de l'utilisation d'un produit de l'état de la technique, lorsqu'un tel effet était connu être exercé par ledit produit, ne justifie pas que cette ampleur, comparée à celle obtenue avec un autre produit qui était connu posséder le même effet, puisse à elle seule servir de base à une caractéristique technique d'ordre fonctionnel (cf. points 3.2 à 3.6.4 des motifs).

T 755/18

If neither the output of a machine-learning computer program nor the output's accuracy contribute to a technical effect, an improvement of the machine achieved automatically through supervised learning to generate a more accurate output is not in itself a technical effect

T 686/18

Zur Berücksichtigung einer in der Beschreibung des Patents erwähnten Aufgabe, welche die beanspruchte Lösung vorwegnimmt, bei der Formulierung der zu lösenden technischen Aufgabe (Siehe Punkte 3.14 bis 3.19 der Gründe).

T 161/18

1. Die vorliegende, auf maschinellem Lernen insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit einem künstlichen neuronalen Netz beruhende Erfindung ist nicht ausreichend offenbart, da das erfindungsgemäße Training des künstlichen neuronalen Netzes mangels Offenbarung nicht ausführbar ist. 2. Da sich im vorliegenden Fall das beanspruchte Verfahren vom Stand der Technik nur durch ein künstliches neuronales Netz unterscheidet, dessen Training nicht im Detail offenbart ist, führt die Verwendung des künstlichen neuronalen Netzes nicht zu einem speziellen technischen Effekt, der erfinderische Tätigkeit begründen könnte.

T 116/18

1. Die vorliegende, auf maschinellem Lernen insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit einem künstlichen neuronalen Netz beruhende Erfindung ist nicht ausreichend offenbart, da das erfindungsgemäße Training des künstlichen neuronalen Netzes mangels Offenbarung nicht ausführbar ist.

2. Da sich im vorliegenden Fall das beanspruchte Verfahren vom Stand der Technik nur durch ein künstliches neuronales Netz unterscheidet, dessen Training nicht im Detail offenbart ist, führt die Verwendung des künstlichen neuronalen Netzes nicht zu einem speziellen technischen Effekt, der erfinderische Tätigkeit begründen könnte.

T 2117/17

a) Besonders strenge Bedingungen sind an ein verspätetes Vorbringen einer offenkundigen Vorbenutzung geknüpft, insbesondere dann, wenn die Vorbenutzung durch die Verfahrensbeteiligten selbst erfolgt sein soll. Gerade in einem solchen Fall wäre von der Einsprechenden zu erwarten gewesen, Informationen über die eigenen Produkte schon vor der Einspruchsabteilung vorzubringen, um eine Zurückverweisung zu vermeiden (Punkt 4.2.8).

b) Obwohl zwar die Verfahrensschritte als solche in einem Vorrichtungsanspruch nicht unmittelbar Teil des Schutzumfangs sind, versteht die Fachperson aber, dass die Vorrichtung dazu eingerichtet sein muss, die Verfahrensschritte auszuführen (Punkt 5.2.3).

T 1861/17

Zum Verhältnis zwischen "subjektiver" und "objektiver" technischer Aufgabe: siehe Punkt 3.4 der Entscheidungsgründe.

T 1234/17

However, the question is whether the mere idea of mapping this acceleration data to gait category is technical, involving any technical considerations or having any overall technical effect. This question arises in many inventions that involve mappings and algorithms. In T 1798/13 (Forecasting the value of a structured financial product/SWISS REINSURANCE COMPANY LTD), points 2.7 to 2.9, the present Board essentially held that it was not enough that an algorithm makes use of a technical quantity in the form of a measured physical parameter (weather data). What matters is whether the algorithm reflects any additional technical considerations about the parameter, such as its measurement. In that case there were none. This was contrasted with T 2079/10 (Steuerung von zellulär aufgebauten Alarmsystemen/SWISSRE) where the invention was seen to lie in the improvement of the measurement technique itself, which involved technical considerations about the sensors and their positions. Such a situation is conceivable in the present case, if the algorithm were to somehow enhance the input data using considerations of e.g. the placement of the sensors. However, the claim only specifies that the data "includes a time series of acceleration vectors" and that this data is "analyzed". There are no further details that could constitute technical considerations about the data or the sensors. (See points 2.11 to 2.13 of the reasons)

T 905/17

No need for a hint to the claimed solution in the closest prior art (see point 3.2.3)

T 787/17

Rechtfertigung der Wahl des Ausgangspunkts zur Prüfung der erfinderischen Tätigkeit (siehe Punkt 5.1 der Entscheidungsgründe).

T 575/17

a) Soll ein Standard-Verfahren oder -Produkt geschützt werden, so muss definiert werden oder durch die Gesamtoffenbarung eindeutig klar sein, auf welchen anerkannten Standard sich das Verfahren oder Produkt bezieht. (Gründe 4.1.4)

b) Gibt es in den gesamten Anmeldeunterlagen keine direkte oder plausible Offenbarung, wie die erwünschte Wirkung der Erfindung erzielt wird und warum durch die beanspruchten Merkmale die Aufgabe gelöst wird, dann kann die Wirkweise auch durch die Lehre von anderen (vorveröffentlichten) Dokumenten abgeleitet werden. (Gründe 5.4.4)

T 386/17

A claimed feature that an angle has a magnitude of "more than 0 degrees" does not establish novelty over a prior art disclosure in which the corresponding angle is equal to 0 degrees, since the feature encompasses values closer to 0 degrees than the finite error margin to which the determination of the magnitude of the angle would always be subject, and such values would, in practice, be indistinguishable from 0 degrees (see Reasons, point 2.8, confirming T 594/01).

T 32/17

The deposit of a hybridoma under Rule 31 EPC for compliance with the disclosure requirement of Article 83 EPC does not in itself convey any technical information about the molecular structure of the monoclonal antibody produced by said hybridoma, such as its amino acid sequence (see points 5 to 17 of the Reasons).

T 2350/16

Rolle des Fachmanns bei ber Neuheitsprüfung (siehe Punkt 7.3 der Entscheidungsgründe)

T 2314/16

The specification of the business method ended with how to determine the reward distribution ratio. The features of dividing the advertisement display area into partial areas and allocating each partial area to a user such that when the partial area is clicked on the user gets a reward, were based on technical considerations of the web page system. It was not motivated by any business considerations. ... In order to come up with this idea, one needs to understand how a web site is built, and in particular how an image map works. Thus, this feature cannot be part of the non-technical requirements. Instead it is part of the solution that has to be evaluated for obviousness. (See point 2.10 of the reasons)

T 2218/16

Sufficiency of disclosure - burden of proof, Novelty - new clinical situation

T 2147/16

The mere assumption that an algorithm is optimised for the computer hardware and may have a technical contribution is not sufficient. The implementation of an algorithm in a method for filtering spam messages must have a proved further technical effect or specific technical considerations; such further technical effect must be specifically and sufficiently documented in the disclosure of the invention and be reflected in the claim wording; the algorithm must serve a technical purpose.

T 1950/16

An ISBN number is a unique identifier which usually indicates that a book has been made publicly available. A copyright notice usually indicates the year of publication. Both are typically found at the beginning of a book, at the copyright page (edition notice). Taken together, they usually indicate that a book has been made available to the public in a certain year (see point 3.1 of the Reasons).

T 1684/16

The fact that the skilled person is taught in the prior art to investigate polymorphs in order to isolate the crystalline form having the most desirable properties is in itself not necessarily sufficient to consider a specific polymorphic form having a certain desired property obvious (see point 4.3.4 of the Reasons).

T 1450/16

In the application of the problem-solution approach for the assessment of inventive step, the person skilled in the art within the meaning of Article 56 EPC enters the stage only when the objective technical problem has been formulated in view of the selected "closest prior art". Only then can the notional skilled person's relevant technical field and its extent be appropriately defined. Therefore, it cannot be the "skilled person " who selects the closest prior art in the first step of the problem-solution approach. Rather, this selection is to be made by the relevant deciding body, on the basis of the established criteria, in order to avoid any hindsight analysis (see point 2.1.4 of the Reasons).

T 1294/16

Selection of the "closest prior art": see point 5. RPBA 2020 Article 13(1) and (2): see points 15 to 20. Technical effects: see points 24 to 26 and 35.

T 1099/16

In order to decide whether a claim to the use of a known compound for a particular purpose, based on a technical effect which is described in the patent, should be interpreted as including that technical effect as a functional technical feature according to G 2/88, the Board finds that G 2/88 does not require the technical effect to be described in the patent in a manner sufficiently clear and complete to make the actual achievement of that technical effect credible (Reasons 17). This finding applies even to a case where the ground for opposition under Article 100(b) EPC cannot be considered in the appeal proceedings (Reasons 24). If, for the assessment of inventive step, it has to be determined whether the purpose defined in the claim can be interpreted as a limiting functional feature, the question whether the technical effect is described in the patent merely involves considering whether a skilled person can recognise what technical effect underlies the new purpose claimed (Reasons 20).

T 694/16

If a claim is directed to a known compound or composition for use in a therapeutic method of treatment or prevention of a disease, and the claim specifies that the subject to be treated displays a clearly defined and detectable marker, which is not displayed by all subjects affected by or likely to develop that disease, then the purposive selection of the patients displaying the marker for the specified treatment is a functional feature characterising the claim. (Points 5.1-5.21 of the Reasons)

T 184/16

Plausibility - (points 2.1 to 2.8, 7.2 and 11)

T 2239/15

A disclosure is regarded as made available to the public if, at the relevant date, it was possible for members of the public to gain knowledge of its contents and there was no bar of confidentiality restricting the use or dissemination of such knowledge (T 877/90). In the absence of an explicit confidentiality agreement, a bar of confidentiality cannot be seen to have been in place, in the present case. In view of the collaborative nature of the development process and the consensus-building procedure inherent to MPEG, confidentiality could not be guaranteed. The evidence points to a system designed to guarantee a certain "privacy" of its data while at the same time being sufficiently pragmatic and flexible to allow consultation with other parties in order for it satisfactorily to fulfil its mission.

T 2090/15

Novelty of non-medical use claims: the mere discovery of a new property or capability of a particular ingredient of a known composition used for a known purpose cannot confer novelty (reasons, 1.3)

T 2081/15

Plausible argument of the appellant about the choice of specific, non-obvious hardware implementation, in favour of an inventive step over the prior art (Article 56 EPC).

T 1601/15

Der Fachmann bedarf keiner Anregung, um sein Fachwissen zur Anwendung zu bringen (siehe Punkt 3.5 der Entscheidungsgründe)

T 1385/15

Einem Anspruch auf eine weitere nicht-medizinische Verwendung kann Neuheit nicht abgesprochen werden, wenn die beanspruchte technische Wirkung des Stoffes und die beanspruchte Verwendungsweise nicht in Kombination im Stand der Technik offenbart sind (Punkt 2.4 der Begründung).

T 1370/15

Not only in ex parte-, but also in inter partes appeal proceedings, a board is allowed to introduce new ex officio common general knowledge without evidence of such knowledge which prejudices maintenance of the patent, to the extent that the board is knowledgeable in the respective technical field from the experience of its members working on cases in this field. (See Reasons, point 5.3)

T 1148/15

see sections 3 to 6

T 984/15

As to the definition of the skilled person for the assessment of inventive step and the interpretation of technical specifications (such as telecommunications standards): see points 2.2 and 2.7 of the Reasons.

T 919/15

Plausibilität und Berücksichtigung nachgereichter experimenteller Daten im Rahmen der erfinderischen Tätigkeit (siehe Entscheidungsgründe, Punkte 5.5 und 5.6)

T 314/15

Selection of the closest prior art - see Reasons 8, 8.1 - 8.4

T 1749/14

The notional business person might come up with the abstract idea of avoiding the customer having to provide PIN and account information to the merchant. The invention however requires a new infrastructure, new devices and a new protocol involving technical considerations linked to modified devices and their capabilities as well as security relevant modifications of the transfer of sensitive information using new possibilities achieved by the modifications to the previously known mobile POS infrastructure. This goes beyond what the notional business person knows and concerns technical implementation details (how to implement) which are more than a straight-forward 1:1 programming of an abstract business idea. (See point 5 of the reasons). This is in the sphere of the technical expert and subject to the assessment of inventive step (see T 1082/13).

T 1727/14

Artikel in Fachzeitschriften und Fachwissen (siehe Punkt 1.1) Zulassung einer Erklärung, die einen Bruch einer Geheimhaltungsverpflichtung darstellen könnte (siehe Punkt 1.2)

T 1657/14

see Reasons - points 2.4.3 and 2.4.5

T 1472/14

Was der beanspruchte Gegenstand leistet ist lediglich, anthropometrische Daten in einer Datenbank so zu organisieren, dass diese in standardisierter Form oder in Form statistischer Kennwerte zur Abfrage über eine Kommunikationseinrichtung bereitgestellt werden. Der Anspruchs­gegenstand betrifft nur Auswertungsergebnisse, auch wenn solche im Rahmen einer Zweckangabe zur Produktherstellung gesendet werden. Es erfolgt keine Kontrolle des Betriebs einer Herstellungsanlage, sondern es werden lediglich Produktdaten bereit gestellt. Die Kammer bezweifelt, dass das Ziel der Anthropotechnik mit einer Gestaltung der Schnittstelle zwischen Mensch und Maschine hier relevant ist. Die Kammer erkennt in dem beanspruchten Verfahren keinen technischen Effekt, der über die reine naheliegende Automatisierung einer abstrakten Idee zur Standardisierung hinausgeht (vgl. Entscheidungsgründe, Punkt 7).

T 1218/14

The requirement in G 1/03 that an accidental novelty-destroying disclosure has to be completely irrelevant for assessing inventive step is to be understood not as an alternative, or additional criterion, but as a consequence of the criterion that, from a technical point of view, said disclosure is so unrelated and remote that the person skilled in the art would never have taken it into consideration when making or working on the invention (points 2 and 7).

T 116/14

Auslegung der Zweckangabe in einem Vorrichtungsanspruch und entsprechende Neuheitsprüfung (siehe Punkt 4.2.6 der Gründe).

T 737/14

The proper application of the COMVIK approach requires a thorough analysis of the business constraints when formulating the problem to be solved before investigating what the skilled person would have done to solve it. The failure to reflect all aspects of the business method in the problem to be solved led the examining division to argue unconvincingly that the inconvenient distinguishing feature of authorising the access terminal was an alternative whose choice was governed by unspecified business constraints (see reasons 4.2).

T 550/14

The appellant's wish for the Board to define criteria that the examining division should use to prove that a feature is not technical is tantamount to defining the term technical, which the Boards have consistently declined to do. However, as stated in e.g. T 2314/16 - Distributing rewards/RAKUTEN at points 2.6 to 2.8, over the years the case law has provided guidance on the issue of technicality. Recently, the Board has tended to use the framework for discussion given in the CardinalCommerce decision (T 1463/11 - Universal merchant platform/CardinalCommerce) to help classify whether borderline features of a claim are on the technical or the non-technical side. It is thus clear that some discussion can and ought to take place. However, rather like objections against added subject-matter, one is essentially trying to prove a negative which tends to be a rather short exercise. On the other hand, the appellant is trying to prove a positive which involves more argument. Thus an objection from the division should probably start with a prima facie assertion that the feature in question is non-technical, perhaps because it is in one of the exclusions listed in Article 52(2) EPC, or a related or analogous field. If this is uncontested then this would be enough. However the Board considers that it is then up to the appellant to provide arguments why there is a technical effect or that some technical considerations are involved. The division should consider these arguments and give reasons why they are not convincing. As mentioned above, the Board is satisfied that this happened in the present case. One final piece of advice for examining divisions would be where possible to search for and start from a document that already discloses some of the alleged non-technical features, thus avoiding the discussion for these features (see for example, T 756/06 - Displaying a schedule/FUJITSU, point 5 or T 368/05 - Integrated account/CITIBANK, point 8). (See points 3.3 to 3.5 of the reasons)

T 232/14

The Board judges that using ranges of unit identifiers to label a number of (consecutive) unit identifiers of manufactured items is, at the level of generality at which it is claimed, on the business side of the line between technical and non-technical subject-matter (see e.g. T 144/11 - Security rating System / SATO MICHIHIRO, points 2.1, and 3.6 to 3.9).(See point 2.5 of the reasons) The ranges of unit identifiers do have a meaning for the business person. They correspond to batches of units produced on a production line. (See point 2.6 of the reasons) Even if the "determining of ranges of unit identifiers" achieved a technical effect, such as reducing data storage and data bandwidth requirements, it is a matter of routine design for the skilled person, a software programmer or a database expert, based on common general knowledge to store the first and the last element of a list of items, instead of the whole list. (See point 2.9 of the reasons)

T 2455/13

Auch der nicht-technische Fachmann hat Kenntnis von den Möglichkeiten einer Realisierung von geschäftsbezogenen Konzepten auf netzwerkbasierten Computersystemen. Er kannte zum Prioritätszeitpunkt eine Vielzahl von rechner- und netzwerkgestützten geschäftlichen Prozessen (z.B. im Bereich der Zahlungsprozesse, Materialwirtschaft und auch der Versicherungswirtschaft), um eine Vorstellung davon zu haben, was konzeptionell auf einer abstrakten Meta-Ebene realisierbar ist. Was der nicht-technische Fachmann jedoch nicht weiß ist, wie genau eine Implementierung auf dem Computer erfolgt. Dies liegt in der Sphäre des Programmierers, des technischen Fachmanns, und ist bei der Prüfung auf erfinderische Tätigkeit zu berücksichtigen (vgl. T 1082/13, Entscheidungsgründe 4.8). Sind Merkmale lediglich auf einer abstrakten Meta-Ebene als Module spezifiziert und repräsentieren Funktionen, wie sie der nicht-technische Fachmann in seinem Konzept zugrunde legen würde, so gibt dieser damit auch keine technischen Merkmale vor. Erst durch die Angabe von tatsächlichen Implementierungs­schritten im Anspruch werden diese Module zu technischen Merkmalen qualifiziert (vgl. Entscheidungsgründe 3.10 bis 3.12).

T 1798/13

The "weather" is not a technical system that the skilled person can improve, or even simulate with the purpose of trying to improve it. It is a physical system that can be modelled in the sense of showing how it works. This kind of modelling is rather a discovery or a scientific theory, which are excluded under Article 52(2)(a) EPC and thus do not contribute to the technical character of the invention (see point 2.10ff.).

T 1082/13

1. The assessment of technical character of a claim does not require a reference to the prior art following the established "whole contents approach" (see reasons, point 1.1). 2. A "timeout" condition claimed in general and broad terms that cover non-technical interpretations is in the domain of the non-technical person and part of the requirements specification given to the technical expert for implementation on a computer system (see reasons, point 2.4). 3. The "notional business person", as introduced in T1463/11, is to be interpreted within the framework of the well established COMVIK-approach according to T0641/00. Consequently, the notional business person knows all about the business related requirements specification and knows about the fact that such business related concepts can be implemented on a computer system. The choice of where to do a calculation in a distributed system is not necessarily technical, but can also be driven by administrative considerations. What the notional business person does not know, however, is how exactly it can be implemented on a computer system. This is in the sphere of the technical expert and subject to the assessment of inventive step. 4. When referring to prejudices, it has to be carefully analysed, whether it is actually a technical prejudice or, in fact, a business prejudice (e.g. just a new way of organising a business transaction that goes against traditional ways of organising it - see reasons, point 4.8).

T 2491/12

The claimed invention is not directed to a real-time problem in the sense of improving a technical process, but rather to automation in the sense of making (non-technical) financial information available quickly. This automation is achieved by mapping the financial concept of derivative transactions on a client-server computer system (see reasons, point 8.2).

T 2049/12

See point 5.8.

T 1731/12

Eine Vorrichtung, die durch ein Merkmal definiert ist, das nur durch einen chirurgischen oder therapeutischen Schritt erzeugt werden kann, ist nach Artikel 53(c) EPÜ von der Patentierung ausgenommen (in Fortführung von T 775/97).

G 3/19

Taking into account developments after decisions G 2/12 and G 2/13 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal, the exception to patentability of essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals in Article 53(b) EPC has a negative effect on the allowability of product claims and product-by-process claims directed to plants, plant material or animals, if the claimed product is exclusively obtained by means of an essentially biological process or if the claimed process features define an essentially biological process. This negative effect does not apply to European patents granted before 1 July 2017 and European patent applications which were filed before that date and are still pending.

G 1/19

A computer-implemented simulation of a technical system or process that is claimed as such can, for the purpose of assessing inventive step, solve a technical problem by producing a technical effect going beyond the simulation’s implementation on a computer. For that assessment it is not a sufficient condition that the simulation is based, in whole or in part, on technical principles underlying the simulated system or process. The answers to the first and second questions are no different if the computer-implemented simulation is claimed as part of a design process, in particular for verifying a design.

OJ Supplementary Publications
Case law 2021
Case law 2020

ABl. EPA 2021, Zusatzpublikation 2
OJ EPO 2021, Supplementary publication 2
JO OEB 2021, Publication supplémentaire 2

Case law 2019

ABl. EPA 2020, Zusatzpublikation 4
OJ EPO 2020, Supplementary publication 4
JO OEB 2020, Publication supplémentaire 4

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