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Case Law of the Boards of Appeal – Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office
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  5. III. Rules common to all proceedings before the EPO
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III. Rules common to all proceedings before the EPO

Overview

III. RULES COMMON TO ALL PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE EPO

You are viewing the 9th edition (2019) of this publication; for the 10th edition (2022) see here

A.The principle of the protection of legitimate expectations

1.Applicability of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations
1.1.Sources of legitimate expectations
1.2.Limits of the legitimate expectations principle
1.2.1Knowledge of the relevant legal provisions and the case law
1.2.2Interpretation of substantive patent law
1.2.3Weighing of interests in inter partes cases
1.2.4Area of party's own responsibility
1.2.5Administrative notice with no legal consequences
1.3.Causal link and the requirement of proof
2.Information provided by EPO
2.1.Clear and unambiguous communications and forms
2.2.Information provided as courtesy service
2.3.Contradictory acts
2.4.Information provided by telephone
2.5.Decisions of the department of first instance
2.6.Correction of already issued decision
2.7.Information provided in the Guidelines
3.Obligation to draw attention to easily remediable deficiencies
3.1.General principle
3.1.1Deficiency correctable within the relevant time limit
3.1.2Obligation to set new time limit
3.2.Examples of cases addressing the obligation to draw attention to easily remediable deficiencies
3.2.1Language issues
3.2.2Missing or insufficient fee payments
3.2.3Electronic filing of documents
3.2.4Further examples involving easily identifiable deficiencies
3.3.Limits of the obligation to draw attention to easily remediable deficiencies
3.3.1Area of party's own responsibility
 a) Filing of valid appeal
 b) Filing of divisional application
 c) Bank account information
3.3.2No obligation to scrutinise submissions for deficiencies
4.Obligation to enquire in case of unclear nature of request
5.Legitimate expectation and case law
5.1.Case law deviating from or overruling the practice
5.2.Point in time from which a new decision which deviates from existing practice becomes generally applicable

B.Right to be heard

1.Introduction
2.The right to be heard under Article 113(1) EPC
2.1.Violation of the right to be heard examined ex officio
2.2.Causal link between the violation of the right to be heard and the final decision
2.2.1Appeal proceedings
2.2.2First instance proceedings
2.3.Surprising grounds or evidence
2.3.1General principles
2.3.2The meaning of "grounds or evidence"
2.3.3Opportunity to comment on evidence
2.3.4Documents supplied by applicants but used against them
2.3.5Document cited containing information already known
2.3.6Reliance on the International Preliminary Examination Report (IPER)
2.3.7Change of provisional opinion
2.3.8Statement of grounds of appeal not received by respondent
2.4.Consideration of the parties' arguments, submissions and evidence
2.4.1General principles
2.4.2Decision must demonstrably show that arguments were heard and considered
2.4.3No obligation to address each and every argument
2.4.4Failure to consider submissions made after a communication
2.4.5Failure to consider evidence
2.4.6Mere reference to jurisprudence
2.5.The right to be heard and the timing of decisions
2.5.1Decision could not be expected
2.5.2Issuing of decision before expiry of time limit to comment
2.5.3Immediate refusal after communication
2.5.4Invitation to oral proceedings at short notice
2.6.The right to be heard in oral proceedings
2.6.1Introduction of a new claim or relevant document
 a) Cases in which Article 113(1) EPC was violated in relation to the introduction of new claims or relevant documents
 b) Cases in which Article 113(1) EPC was not violated even though new claims or relevant documents were introduced
 c) Cases where no new claims or relevant documents were introduced
2.6.2Introduction of new arguments
2.6.3Introduction of a new ground of opposition by the opposition division
2.6.4Hearing witnesses
2.6.5Oral submissions of an accompanying person
2.7.The right to be heard in case of the non-attendance of oral proceedings
2.7.1Facts and evidence put forward for the first time during oral proceedings in inter partes cases – G 4/92
2.7.2Non-attendance at oral proceedings before the boards – case law on G 4/92
2.7.3Non-attendance at oral proceedings before the boards – Article 15(3) RPBA 2007
 a) Ex parte proceedings
 b) Inter partes proceedings
2.8.Changes in the composition of the opposition division after oral proceedings
3.Text submitted or agreed by applicant (patent proprietor) – Article 113(2) EPC
3.1.General
3.2.The requirement of a text submitted by the applicant
3.3.The requirement of a text agreed by the applicant
3.4.Cases where the EPO is uncertain or mistaken about the approval of the text

C.Oral proceedings

1.Introduction
2.Right to oral proceedings
2.1.Right to oral proceedings in examination, opposition and appeal proceedings
2.1.1Right to oral proceedings even after a Rule 71(3) EPC communication
2.1.2Right to oral proceedings even if no new arguments are presented
2.1.3No right to telephone conversation
2.2.Right to oral proceedings before the Receiving Section
3.Oral proceedings at the instance of the EPO
3.1.Expediency of oral proceedings
3.2.Obligation to attend oral proceedings taking place at the instance of the EPO
3.3.Effects of withdrawal of a request for oral proceedings in case of oral proceedings at the instance of the EPO
4.Request for oral proceedings
4.1.Doubt as to the nature of the request for oral proceedings
4.2.Wording of request
4.2.1Wording constituting a request
4.2.2Wording not constituting a request
4.3.Withdrawal of request for oral proceedings
4.3.1General principle: withdrawal only by virtue of a clearly expressed intention not to proceed with the request
4.3.2Announcing non-attendance
4.3.3Lack of any statement of grounds of appeal followed by lack of response to a notification of the inadmissibility of the appeal
4.4.Further oral proceedings before the same department
4.4.1Same subject of proceedings
4.4.2Not the same subject of proceedings
4.5.Auxiliary request for oral proceedings
4.6.No oral proceedings in spite of unconditional request
4.7.Request for oral proceedings in relation to further prosecution proceedings after remittal
4.8.Request for oral proceedings as a reply to a communication
5.Non-attendance at oral proceedings
5.1.Right to present comments and non-attendance of a party by choice
5.2.Non-attendance of party who filed new claims without amended description before oral proceedings; no reason for postponement of ruling
5.3.Obligation to give notice if not attending oral proceedings
6.Preparation of oral proceedings
6.1.Fixing or changing the date for oral proceedings
6.1.1Legal provisions and notices
6.1.2Request for changing the date of oral proceedings
6.1.3Request or reasons for postponement filed too late
6.1.4Reasons submitted in a request for postponement
 a) Serious illness
 b) Booked holidays
 c) Speaking at a conference
 d) Business trips
 e) National holiday
 f) Newly appointed representative
 g) No legal representative appointed
 h) Absence of duly represented party or of inventor
 i) Postponement because of late receipt of board's communication
 j) New evidence or requests
 k) Proceedings before a national court
 l) Postponement in order to avoid adverse decision of the board
 m) Ongoing takeover negotiations between both parties
 n) Expected childbirth by the partner of the professional representative
6.1.5Obligation to give reasons why representative cannot be substituted
6.1.6Postponement of the oral hearing at the instigation of the EPO
6.2.Notice of two months in the summons
6.3.Final date for written submissions in the preparation for oral proceedings and late submission of new facts and evidence – Rule 116 EPC
6.3.1Examination and opposition proceedings
6.3.2Appeal proceedings
6.4.Communication under Article 15(1) RPBA 2007
6.4.1Purpose of communication under Article 15(1) RPBA 2007
6.4.2Boards not bound by communication under Article 15(1) RPBA 2007
6.4.3Boards' discretion to send communication under Article 15(1) RPBA 2007
6.5.Location of oral proceedings
7.Conduct of oral proceedings
7.1.Length and structuring of oral proceedings
7.1.1Speaking time during oral proceedings and interruptions by the board
7.1.2Oral proceedings scheduled from the start for more than one day
7.1.3Continuation of oral proceedings beyond the last scheduled day
7.1.4Duration of deliberations
7.2.Excluding the public from oral proceedings
7.3.Oral proceedings held by video-conference
7.4.Computer-generated presentations and other visual aids
7.5.Sound recording
7.6.Handwritten amendments during oral proceedings before the board
7.7.Interpreting in oral proceedings
7.8.Oral submissions by an accompanying person
7.9.Closing the debate
7.10.Minutes of oral proceedings (Rule 124 EPC)
7.10.1Content of minutes
7.10.2No recording of statements for use in subsequent national proceedings
7.10.3Correction of minutes
7.10.4Signing of minutes
7.10.5Refusal to record statement not an infringement of the right to be heard
7.11.Presence of assistants during deliberations of the board
8.Costs
8.1.Apportionment of costs
8.2.Interpreting costs during oral proceedings

D.Time limits, further processing and interruption of proceedings

1.Calculation, determination and extension of time limits
1.1.Calculation of time limits under Rule 131 EPC
1.2.Determination and extension of periods under Rule 132 EPC
1.2.1Relevant criteria when time limits are extended upon request (R. 132(2), second sentence, EPC)
1.2.2Applicability of Rule 132 EPC to the Rules relating to Fees
1.3.Extension of time limits ipso jure on account of public holidays or dislocation in delivery of mail (Rule 134 EPC)
1.3.1Public holidays (Rule 134(1) EPC)
1.3.2General dislocation or interruption in delivery or transmission of mail in a Contracting State (R. 134(2) EPC)
1.3.3Dislocation of a mail service outside the contracting states (Rule 134(5) EPC)
1.4.Statutory periods of grace, additional period for payment of renewal fees and the fiction of observance of a time limit for fee payments
1.4.1Additional period for payment of renewal fees under Rule 51(2) EPC
1.4.2Period of grace for payment of fees under Rule 85a EPC 1973
1.4.3Fiction of fee payment in due time pursuant to Article 7(3) and (4) RFees
2.Further processing under Article 121 EPC
3.Interruption of proceedings under Rule 142 EPC
3.1.Application of Rule 142 EPC by the EPO of its own motion
3.2.Concept of legal incapacity (Rule 142(1)(a) and (c) EPC)
3.3.Determining legal incapacity of the applicant or patent proprietor for the purpose of Rule 142(1)(a) EPC
3.4.Determining legal incapacity of the representative for the purpose of Rule 142(1)(c) EPC
3.5.Legal incapacity of a representative from outside the contracting states
3.6.Interruption of proceedings because of insolvency (Rule 142(1)(b) EPC)
3.7.Consequences of interruption of proceedings (Rule 142(4) EPC)

E.Re-establishment of rights

1.Introduction
2.Right to file request for re-establishment of rights
2.1.Exception for opponent – time limit for filing statement of grounds of appeal
2.2.Re-establishment only in cases of failure to observe a time limit for which it was for the applicant to observe
3.Non-observance of time limit directly causing a loss of right
3.1.The meaning of "time limit"
3.1.1Requirement of pendency when filing divisional application is not a time limit
3.1.2Designation of States
3.1.3"Time limitation" condition for requests for correction
3.2.Time limits excluded from re-establishment under Article 122(4) EPC and Rule 136(3) EPC
3.3.Time limits concerning the PCT proceedings
3.4.Loss of rights as a direct consequence by virtue of the EPC
4.Admissibility of requests for re-establishment of rights
4.1.Time limits for filing a request for re-establishment (Rule 136(1) EPC)
4.1.1Two-month time limit from the removal of the cause of non-compliance
 a) Removal of the cause of non-compliance
 b) Responsible person
 c) Legal fiction of deemed notification
4.1.2One-year time limit following the expiry of the unobserved time limit
4.2.Inability to observe a time limit
4.2.1Deliberate act missing a time limit; tactical considerations
4.2.2Financial difficulties
4.3.Making good the omitted act
4.4.Substantiation of the request for re-establishment
4.5.Number of re-establishment fees due where more than one time limit is missed
4.6.Correction of deficiencies in the request for re-establishment
5.Merit of request for re-establishment of rights
5.1.Submissions to be taken into account
5.2.General comments on due care
5.3.Exceptional circumstances
5.3.1Organisational restructuring
5.3.2Change to or withdrawal of representation
5.3.3Complex transfers of company ownership
5.3.4Monitoring or computer systems matters
5.3.5Sudden serious illness and severe psychological stress
5.4.Isolated mistake within a satisfactory system for monitoring time limits or for processing mail
5.4.1"Isolated mistake" by representative
5.4.2A system operating efficiently for many years as evidence that it is normally satisfactory
5.4.3Cause of mistake remains unclear
5.4.4Requirement for a cross-check
 a) Cross-check should be independent in a large firm
 b) Control mechanisms in small firms
5.4.5All due care in making provisions for staff absences
5.4.6Second mistake by responsible person
5.4.7Deficiencies in computerised systems
5.5.Persons required to exercise due care; requirements regarding due care
5.5.1Due care on the part of the applicant
 a) General principles
 b) Unrepresented individual applicant
 c) Choosing a sufficiently competent representative
5.5.2Due care on the part of the professional representative
 a) Communication between professional representatives and their clients, the EPO or other representatives
 b) Payment of renewal fees
 c) Ignorance of or erroneous interpretation of a provision of the EPC
 d) Requesting and acting on information from the EPO
 e) Starting work on a case close to the expiry of the time limit
 f) Designation of receiving offices
 g) Abandonment of application
5.5.3Due care on the part of a non-authorised representative
5.5.4Due care in dealing with assistants
 a) Introduction
 b) Selection, instruction and supervision
 c) Technically qualified assistants
 d) Substitutes replacing assistants
 e) Ultimate responsibility of the representative
5.5.5Due care in using mail delivery services
6.Procedural treatment of requests for re-establishment
6.1.Department competent to decide upon the request
6.2.Request for re-establishment as auxiliary request
6.3.Parties to re-establishment proceedings and the right to be heard
6.4.Concurrent request for interruption of proceedings
6.5.Re-establishment in the context of the President's extension of time limits during general disruption
6.6.Redundant request for re-establishment
7.Rights of use under Article 122(5) EPC
8.Principle of proportionality
9.Reimbursement of the fee for re-establishment
9.1.Legal reason for payment of fee
9.2.Reimbursement where request for re-establishment found to be redundant
9.3.Request for re-establishment due to mistakes made by EPO
9.4.Reimbursement where more than one fee for re-establishment has been paid

F.Languages

1.Language of filing and date of filing of a European patent application
2.Language of the proceedings
3.Derogations from the language of the proceedings in written proceedings and in oral proceedings
4.Language privilege
5.Translations
6.Language-related fee reductions
6.1.European patent application
6.2.Request for examination

G.Law of evidence

1.Introduction
2.Admissible evidence
2.1.Non-exhaustive list of admissible means of evidence
2.2.Witness testimonies and expert opinions
2.2.1Hearing witnesses
 a) Role of witnesses and wording of request
 b) Relationship between witness and party
 c) Statutory declarations and hearing witnesses
 d) Ranking of means of evidence
 e) Hearing a witness before a national court
 f) References
2.2.2Difference between witnesses and experts
2.2.3Expert opinions (Article 117(1)(e) EPC)
2.3.Statements in writing
2.3.1Sworn statements and affidavits
2.3.2Relationship between witness and party
2.3.3Statutory declarations and hearing witnesses
2.3.4Ranking of means of evidence
2.3.5Miscellaneous
2.4.Other documents
3.Taking of evidence
3.1.Relevance of the evidence
3.2.Time frame for submitting evidence
3.3.Right to be heard
4.Evaluation of evidence
4.1.Principle of free evaluation of evidence
4.2.Probative value of evidence on a case-by-case basis
4.2.1Witness testimony and written statements
 a) Credibility of allegedly linked witnesses
 b) Evaluation of evidence by the department of first instance
 c) Events long past
 d) Contradictory or consistent testimony
 e) Witness testimony and national proceedings
 f) Obligation to raise objections under R. 106 EPC
4.2.2Test and experimental evidence
 a) Test methodology and probative value
 b) Evaluation of tests cited to prove that problem solved (Art. 56 EPC)
 c) Evaluation – other tests
4.2.3Archives and internet publications
4.2.4Other written evidence
4.3.Standard of proof
4.3.1General – "Balance of probabilities"
4.3.2Public prior use
 a) Both parties have access to the evidence : balance of probabilities
 b) Evidence within the sphere of the opponent: beyond any reasonable doubt
 c) Miscellaneous – evaluation in the case law
4.3.3Posters and ephemeral presentations
4.3.4Public availability of prior art documents
 a) Commercial brochures
 b) Convincing the board and discussion on the standard of proof
 c) Archives and internet publications
4.3.5Claiming a valid priority
4.3.6Abusive conduct
4.3.7Receipt of formal documents
5.Burden of proof
5.1.Apportioning the burden of proof
5.1.1General
5.1.2Individual cases
 a) Novelty
 b) Inventive step
 c) Sufficiency of disclosure
 d) Content of the priority document
 e) Specific case of internet citations of prior art
 f) Receipt of formal documents
5.2.Shifting the burden of proof
5.2.1General
5.2.2Cases in which the burden of proof was reversed
5.2.3Cases in which the burden of proof was not reversed

H.Interpretation of the EPC

1.The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
1.1.Principles of interpretation of the Vienna Convention
1.1.1The interpretation of good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning
1.1.2Supplementary means of interpretation
1.1.3Interpretation of exclusions from patentability under the Vienna Convention
1.2.Application of the rules of interpretation
1.2.1Grammatical interpretation
1.2.2Systematic interpretation
1.2.3Teleological interpretation
1.2.4Subsequent agreement or practice
1.2.5Secondary considerations
2.Interpretation of the EPC affected by TRIPS Agreement
2.1.General
2.2.Elements to be taken into consideration by the boards of appeal
3.The European Convention on Human Rights
4.Impact of national decisions on the case law of the boards of appeal
4.1.The duty of the boards of appeal to interpret and apply the EPC
4.2.Effects on the case law due to the differences between national legislation and the EPC
4.3.National decisions: no binding effect on the boards of appeal
5.Decisions of the Administrative Council: boards of appeal not formally bound
6.Implementing Regulations
7.Changes in relation to an established practice and interpretation
8.Interpretation of the various language texts of the EPC (Article 177 EPC)

I.Main and auxiliary requests

1.Possibility of filing auxiliary requests
2.Order of requests
3.Admissibility of requests
3.1.Party's responsibility to define subject-matter by filing appropriate requests
3.2.Requests of equal ranking
3.3.Requesting further opportunity to formulate new requests
3.4.Admissibility of late-filed requests
4.Obligation to give reasons for refusal of each request
5.Withdrawal of request
6.Examination procedure
6.1.Direct rejection of auxiliary request by examining division
6.2.Rejection in advance of further request by examining division
6.3.Practice of proposing one main and one or more auxiliary requests
7.Interlocutory decision on allowable auxiliary request – distinction between examination proceedings and opposition proceedings
8.Opposition procedure
9.Appeal procedure

J.Suspected partiality

1.General principles
1.1.Exclusion and objection
1.2.Rationale and importance
1.3.The European Convention on Human Rights
1.4."Subjective" and "objective" test, presumption of impartiality
1.5.Parties' right to have their case decided by the judge designated by law
1.6.Applicability of Article 24 EPC to first-instance proceedings
1.7.Applicability of Article 24 EPC to disciplinary proceedings
2.Initiation of partiality proceedings and other procedural issues
2.1.Notices of self-recusation
2.2.Objection by other board members of the same board of appeal
2.3.Objection by a party
2.4.Objection by a third party
3.Admissibility
3.1.Competence of the board in its original composition
3.2.Obligation to raise the objection immediately
3.3.Objection must be reasoned and substantiated
3.4.Objection based on an obviously wrong understanding of the board's procedural obligations, the right to be heard and the principle of a fair trial
3.5.Repetition of a previous objection
3.6.Dual function as members of the Enlarged Board and another board of appeal
4.Suspected partiality of members of the departments of first instance
4.1.Competence to decide
4.2.Remittal and rehearing of a case
4.3.Personal interest
4.4.Disqualifying partiality
5.Suspected partiality of members of the boards of appeal
5.1.Grounds for exclusion under Article 24(1) EPC
5.1.1Previous involvement of a board member as a party's representative
5.1.2Participation in the decision under appeal
5.2.Grounds for objection under Article 24(3) EPC
5.2.1Expressions of opinions on legal issues
5.2.2Disqualifying partiality
5.2.3Discretionary procedural decisions negatively affecting a party
5.2.4Statement of grounds of objection defines the factual scope of the objection
5.2.5‍‍Article 24(3) EPC objection under Article 112a(2)(a) EPC
5.3.Comments of the board member concerned
6.Suspected partiality of members of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
6.1.Referral proceedings under Article 112 EPC
6.1.1Previous participation in cases as members of the boards of appeal
6.1.2Expressions of opinion on legal issues
6.2.Petition for review proceedings under Article 112a EPC
6.2.1Previous participation in cases as members of the boards of appeal
6.2.2Expressions of opinion on legal issues
6.2.3Suspected partiality of the Chairman of the Enlarged Board of Appeal who at the same time was Vice-President of Directorate-General 3 (VP3)
7.Legal restrictions for former board members

K.Formal aspects of decisions of EPO departments

1.Composition of the competent departments of first instance
1.1.General comments on changes in composition of the competent departments of first instance
1.2.Examining division
1.3.Opposition division
1.3.1Enlargement of the opposition division by addition of a legal member
1.3.2Change in composition of opposition division during opposition proceedings
1.3.3Composition of opposition division includes those who have taken part in proceedings for grant contrary to Art. 19(2) EPC
1.3.4Remittal after breach of Article 19(2) EPC
2.Date of decision
2.1.Entry into force of decisions
2.2.Completion of the internal decision-making process
2.3.Date European patent takes effect and jurisdiction after pendency
3.Form of decisions
3.1.When is there a decision?
3.1.1Cases involving two decisions
3.1.2Inconsistency between oral and written decisions
3.2.Pointing out the right to appeal in accordance with Rule 111(2) EPC
3.3.Signatures on a decision under Rule 113 EPC
3.3.1Decisions to be signed
3.3.2Examples of invalid signatures
 a) When decision is announced in oral proceedings
 b) Director's signature in place of examiner's signature
3.3.3Examples of valid signatures
 a) Computer-generated communications
 b) Death of examiner between oral proceedings and written decision
 c) Decision in written proceedings
 d) Illegible signature
 e) Draft decisions
3.4.Reasons for the decision
3.4.1Purpose of the duty to provide reasons
3.4.2Right to be heard – right to have submissions taken into consideration
3.4.3The requirement of sufficient reasoning
3.4.4Deficient reasons
 a) Deficient reasons sufficient for the purposes of Rule 111(2) EPC?
 b) Deficient reasoning insufficient for the purposes of Rule 111(2) EPC
 c) No reasons for decision
3.4.5Special cases
 a) References to communications
 b) Reference to a board decision or case law
 c) Assessment of inventive step without assessing the prior art
 d) Identical decision after remittal for further prosecution
 e) Dealing with issues that go beyond the decision itself
3.5.Decisions according to the state of the file
3.5.1Request for decision "according to the state of the file"
3.5.2No absolute right to a decision issued by way of EPO Form 2061
3.5.3No waiver of right to a reasoned decision
3.5.4Reasons for a decision by way of EPO Form 2061
 a) Requirements
 b) Reference to more than one communication
3.5.5Documents included in the "state of the file"
4.Loss of rights within the meaning of Rule 112(1) EPC
4.1.Purpose of notification of loss of rights under Rule 112(1) EPC
4.2.Form of notification of loss of rights under Rule 112(1) EPC
4.3.Request for a decision under Rule 112(2) EPC subsequent to a communication
4.4.Responsibility for issuing decisions under Rule 112(2) EPC
4.5.Right to a decision under Rule 112(2) EPC
5.Notification of decision under Rule 111(1) EPC

L.Correction of errors in decisions

1.Competence to correct a decision according to Rule 140 EPC
1.1.Competence of opposition division or examining division
1.2.Competence of the boards of appeal
1.2.1Legal Board or Technical Boards
1.3.Competence to correct if application is no longer pending
2.Scope of Rule 140 EPC
2.1.Correction of the text of a patent
3.Obvious mistakes according to Rule 140 EPC
4.Legal effect of corrections according to Rule 140 EPC
4.1.Correction requests as opposed to appeals
5.Correction of printing errors in the publication of the patent specification
6.Procedural status of third parties

M.Inspection of files, European Patent Register and stay of proceedings

1.Inspection of files
1.1.General
1.2.Exclusion from inspection under Rule 144 EPC
2.European Patent Register
2.1.General
2.2.Registration of licences
2.3.Transfer
3.Stay of proceedings under Rule 14(1) EPC
3.1.‍‍Rule 14(1) EPC
3.1.1General
3.1.2Opening of proceedings before a national court
3.2.‍‍Rule 14(3) EPC

N.Observations by third parties

1.Introduction
2.Formal requirements
2.1.Language of the documents
2.2.When can third-party observations be filed?
2.3.Pending proceedings
2.4.Anonymously filed observations
2.5.Reasons for observations
3.Third party's legal status
3.1.General issues
3.2.Third party's procedural rights
4.Third-party observations in opposition-appeal proceedings
4.1.Third-party observations and the scope of opposition
4.2.Introducing a fresh ground for opposition in opposition proceedings
4.3.Introducing a fresh ground for opposition in appeal proceedings
4.4.Third-party observations presented after expiry of the opposition period
4.4.1General
4.4.2Third-party observations admitted
4.4.3Third-party observations not admitted
5.Remittal following filing of observations

O.Transfer of party status

1.Party status as patent proprietor
2.Party status as opponent
2.1.General principles
2.2.Universal succession
2.3.Transfer together with the business assets to which the opposition relates
2.4.No transfer: sale of opponent's subsidiary company
2.5.Legal uncertainty as to who is the correct party
2.6.Evidence for and effect of a transfer
2.6.1Date of effective transfer
2.6.2What kind of evidence suffices
2.6.3Natural heir
2.7.Effect of finding that no transfer took place during opposition proceedings
2.8.No administrative fee for a transfer of opponent status

P.Intervention

1.Admissibility
1.1.Any third party
1.2.Relevant patent
1.3.National infringement proceedings
1.4.Proceedings pending before the EPO
1.4.1Intervention in opposition proceedings
1.4.2Intervention in appeal proceedings
1.5.Time limit for intervention
1.6.Fees
1.7.Substantiation requirement
2.Legal status of intervener
2.1.In opposition proceedings
2.2.In appeal proceedings
2.3.Intervention in proceedings where time limits are pending

Q.Continuation of the opposition proceedings by the EPO

1.Surrender and lapse of the patent
1.1.Surrender of patent
1.2.Continuation of the opposition proceedings after lapse or surrender (Rule 84(1) EPC)
1.2.1Request for continuation of the proceedings made by the opponent
1.2.2Request for continuation of the proceedings made by the patent proprietor
2.Death or legal incapacity of an opponent
3.Withdrawal of opposition
3.1.Form and effect of withdrawal on party status
3.2.Effect of withdrawal on opposition proceedings before the departments of first instance
3.3.Effect of withdrawal on opposition appeal proceedings

R.Apportionment of costs

1.Principle that each party must bear its own costs
2.Equity of a different apportionment of costs – case groups
2.1.Late submission of documents and/or requests
2.1.1Late submission was unjustified
 a) Different apportionment of costs ordered
 b) No different apportionment of costs ordered – no disadvantage
2.1.2Late submission was justified
 a) No different apportionment of costs ordered
 b) Different apportionment of costs ordered for reasons of equity
2.2.Acts or omissions prejudicing the timely and efficient conduct of oral proceedings
2.2.1Failure of a party to appear at oral proceedings
 a) Different apportionment of costs ordered
 b) Refusal of a request for apportionment of costs
2.2.2Request for scheduling or postponement of oral proceedings; withdrawal of request for oral proceedings
2.2.3Other cases concerning oral proceedings
2.3.Filing of opposition or appeal
2.4.Withdrawal of opposition or appeal at short notice
2.5.Other cases
3.Expenses that may be apportioned
3.1.Future costs
3.2.Procedure for fixing costs
3.3.Appeal against decision fixing amount of costs
4.Procedural aspects
4.1.Filing a request for apportionment of costs
4.2.Competence issues
4.3.Appeal solely against the decision on apportionment of costs inadmissible

S.Notifications

1.Forms of notification
1.1.Notification by postal services
1.2.Notification by means of electronic communication
1.3.Notification by delivery by hand and delivery by public notice
2.Notification to representatives
3.Notification to third parties
4.Spheres of risk and apportioning the burden of proof
T.Applications by non-entitled persons

U.Rules relating to Fees

1.General
2.Payment of fees
2.1.Methods of payment
2.2.Debit orders
2.3.Indication of purpose of payment
3.Date of payment
3.1.Fiction of fee payment in due time – ten-day fail-safe arrangement
4.Insufficient payments – small amounts lacking
5.Reduction of the examination fee
6.Partial refund of the examination fee

V.Representation

1.Overview
2.Professional representatives
2.1.List of professional representatives (Article 134(1) EPC)
2.2.Duty of persons without residence nor place of business within a contracting state to be represented by a professional representative
2.3.Professional representatives during the transitional period
2.4.Procedural steps performed by a person other than the professional representative
2.5.Submissions by a professional representative after transfer of opponent status
3.Legal practitioners entitled to act as professional representative
3.1.General issues
3.2.Register of legal practitioners
3.3.Qualifying conditions according to Article 134(8) EPC
4.Authorisations for appointment of a representative
4.1.Filing of the authorisation
4.2.General authorisations
4.3.Sub-authorisations
4.4.Authorisation of an association of representatives
4.5.Termination of authorisation
5.Oral submissions by an accompanying person
5.1.Enlarged Board's landmark decision G 4/95
5.2.Application of the case law established by the Enlarged Board
5.2.1Introduction
5.2.2Trainee patent attorneys
5.2.3Distinction between party to proceedings and accompanying person
5.2.4Inventor as accompanying person
5.2.5Name, qualifications and subject-matter to be specified
5.2.6Oral submissions to be requested sufficiently in advance
5.2.7Exceptional circumstances
5.2.8Professional representative's responsibility
5.2.9Procedural objection under R. 106 EPC
5.3.Oral submissions by former members of the boards of appeal
5.4.Oral submissions by qualified patent lawyers of non-EPC contracting states

W.Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office

1.Guidelines not binding on boards
2.Guidelines binding (in principle) on departments of first instance
3.The boards' application of the Guidelines in specific cases
New decisions
T 1713/20

The requirement in Rule 111(2) EPC of a decision being reasoned is not met if the decision merely contains statements that at best give rise to speculation about what the deciding body might have intended to express (Reasons, 1.3.3).

T 646/20

Addition of further Designation States after grant (no)

T 247/20

Oral proceedings would serve no purpose if the parties were limited to present a mere repetition of the arguments put forward in writing. Instead, parties must be allowed to refine their arguments, even to build on them provided they stay within the framework of the arguments, and of course the evidence, submitted in a timely fashion in the written proceedings.

T 3071/19

A decision open to appeal is not reasoned within the meaning of Rule 111(2) EPC if it does not enable the board of appeal to review its correctness. A decision should therefore not rely on evidence accessible only at a web page which is not guaranteed to remain accessible and unchanged. Rather, it should be ensured that a person inspecting the file can reliably access the cited evidence.

T 2348/19

If a member of the department of first instance, who participated in the oral proceedings before that department, is unable to act at the time the reasoned decision is to be issued, for example due to death or a longer lasting illness, one of the other members may sign on behalf of the incapacitated member. However, in such a situation, a written explanation as to why one member is signing on behalf of another must be provided. In the absence of such an explanation, the contravention of Rule 113(1) EPC constitutes a substantial procedural violation (see points 1.3 and 1.4 of the Reasons).

T 1060/19

The declaration of entitlement mentioned in the Notice of 18 December 2017 concerning the reduced appeal fee can be filed until the end of the appeal period, despite the wording of point 4, last sentence, of the Notice, which must be reconciled with the meaning of point 11 of the Notice.

T 989/19

Falls das Entscheidungsformblatt nicht die Unterschrift von allen Mitgliedern einer Prüfungsabteilung enthält, ist die Entscheidung der Prüfungsabteilung ungültig. Dies stellt einen wesentlichen Verfahrensmangel dar.

T 13/19

It is no more than the usual degree of courtesy owed to a Board of Appeal as a court of final appellate jurisdiction that a party's intention not to attend the oral proceedings or any impediment to attendance is communicated as early as possible (see point 1.3 of the Reasons).

T 2492/18

Reasons 2 to 6, 9

T 2069/18

Die ursprünglich mit Rechtsgrund angeforderten und gezahlten Jahresgebühren wandeln sich durch eine zögerliche Tätigkeit des Amts im Prüfungsverfahren nicht nachträglich in rechtsgrundlos geleistete um (Punkt 7 der Entscheidungsgründe).

T 2058/18

It is the responsibility of the representative to consult with its client (appellant) when presenting arguments about essential distinguishing features of the invention over the closest prior art. It is however the ultimate responsibility of the appellant to file amendments. Generally, these distinguishing features, presented as essential ones, could not anymore be considered as being obvious errors afterwards (Reasons, 3.5.6).

T 1599/18

Lack of novelty (see point 14): there is no need that a prior art document explicitly mentions the claimed features. It is necessary and sufficient that an embodiment falling under the claim scope be directly and unambiguously derivable from the prior art document. That an alternative exists does not change this: it is possible that multiple alternatives can be considered directly und unambiguously derivable, even when none is explicitly mentioned. Right to be heard (see points 18 and 29): the right to be heard does not entail a right to an amendment, but a right to present comments on why a specific request should be admitted to the proceedings.

T 1414/18

(1) As to unity of invention under Article 82 EPC, only if the application relates to more than one "invention", the notion of "a single general inventive concept" under Article 82 EPC and the concept of the "same or corresponding special technical features" under Rule 44(1) EPC have to be assessed for the purpose of deciding upon unity of invention (see Reasons, point 1). (2) As to a refund of further search fees under Rule 64(2) EPC, the decision to refuse a patent application may be understood to implicitly contain the decision to refuse the refund of a further search fee, if the examining division's intent is clear (see Reasons, point 4). (3) A statement such as "the next procedural step will be summons to oral proceedings during which the application will be refused" made prior to a final decision to refuse a patent application may infringe a party's right to be heard and thus may lead to a substantial procedural violation (see Reasons, point 5).

T 858/18

If a facsimile transmission of a document within the meaning of Rule 50(3) EPC begins on an earlier date and extends beyond midnight to a later date, the entire document is accorded the later date as single date of receipt. There is no legal basis for according the earlier date as date of receipt to the part of the document arriving at the EPO before midnight (see in particular point 6 and for the term "document" point 4 and for the "date of receipt" point 5 of the reasons). Deviating from decisions T 2061/12 and T 2317/13 (see points 7.3 and 7.4 of the reasons).

T 734/18

Reasons 4 - witness testimony - applicable standard of proof

T 600/18

No conclusive case has been submitted with the request for re-establishment of rights that explains why an attempt was (erroneously) made to pay the appeal fee using a form that was no longer accepted at the EPO. Article 122 EPC and the relevant case law does not excuse mistakes by the representative himself or herself that are caused by the ignorance of the latest provisions even if the representative does not normally perform the duty of paying fees himself or herself. As he or she is the one that is expected to instruct and supervise his or her staff, he or she must always keep informed of the latest developments on how to handle the payment of fees. As he or she is expected to remember what he or she has learned even in stressful situations it cannot be acknowledged that the mistake has happened despite all due care having been taken. The situation (stress caused by an upcoming snow storm) cannot be equated with one where a patent attorney was incapable of taking sound decisions due to sudden serious illness or a sudden and unexpected bereavement.

T 492/18

See reasons 2

T 353/18

Discrepancies between the clean and the annotated versions of a request: no provision in the EPC establishing any legal primacy of the clean version over the annotated version; special reasons justifying a remittal (reasons: section 8)

T 245/18

Der Übung der Beschwerdekammern, einer bei der Großen Beschwerdekammer anhängigen Vorlagefrage in einem parallel gelagerten Fall nicht vorzugreifen, kann nach der im Jahr 2020 novellierten Verfahrensordnung der Beschwerdekammern auch dadurch Rechnung getragen werden, dass am Ende der mündlichen Verhandlung nicht eine Entscheidung verkündet, sondern ein Termin zur Versendung der Entscheidung nach Artikel 15(9) VOBK bestimmt wird, wenn die Entscheidung der GBK bereits in absehbarer Zeit zu erwarten ist. Die Entscheidung kann dann zum festgesetzten Termin als Endentscheidung ergehen, wenn die GBK die mit den Parteien in der mündlichen Verhandlung diskutierte Auffassung der Kammer bestätigt, oder als Zwischenentscheidung, dass erneut in die mündliche Verhandlung einzutreten ist, wenn dies nicht der Fall ist.

T 116/18

 The following questions are referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal for decision. If for acknowledgement of inventive step the patent proprietor relies on a technical effect and has submitted evidence, such as experimental data, to prove such an effect, this evidence not having been public before the filing date of the patent in suit and having been filed after that date (post-published evidence): 1. Should an exception to the principle of free evaluation of evidence (see e.g. G 3/97, Reasons 5, and G 1/12, Reasons 31) be accepted in that post-published evidence must be disregarded on the ground that the proof of the effect rests exclusively on the post-published evidence? 2. If the answer is yes (the post-published evidence must be disregarded if the proof of the effect rests exclusively on this evidence), can the post-published evidence be taken into consideration if, based on the information in the patent application in suit or the common general knowledge, the skilled person at the filing date of the patent application in suit would have considered the effect plausible (ab initio plausibility)? 3. If the answer to the first question is yes (the post-published evidence must be disregarded if the proof of the effect rests exclusively on this evidence), can the post-published evidence be taken into consideration if, based on the information in the patent application in suit or the common general knowledge, the skilled person at the filing date of the patent application in suit would have seen no reason to consider the effect implausible (ab initio implausibility)?

T 66/18

Siehe Entscheidungsgründe 4

T 2475/17

Ermächtigung einer Kammer, im Falle einer Zurückverweisung an die erste Instanz eine Änderung der Zusammensetzung dieses Organs anzuordnen (siehe Punkt 3.1 der Entscheidungsgründe)

T 1418/17

1. Hinsichtlich der von der Einspruchsabteilung vorgenommenen Feststellung der relevanten Fakten ist zu berücksichtigen, dass vor dem Europäischen Patentamt anerkanntermaßen der Grundsatz der freien Beweiswürdigung gilt, was auch Auswirkungen auf die Überprüfung im Beschwerdeverfahren haben muss.

2. Soweit kein Rechtsanwendungsfehler vorliegt (etwa ein falscher Beweismaßstab angewandt wurde), sollte eine Beschwerdekammer daher die Beweiswürdigung eines erstinstanzlichen Spruchkörpers nur aufheben und durch ihre eigene ersetzen, wenn diese erkennbar (i) wesentliche Gesichtspunkte nicht berücksichtigt hat, oder (ii) sachfremde Erwägungen mit einbezogen hat oder (iii) einen Verstoß gegen die Denkgesetze, etwa logische Fehler und Widersprüche in der Begründung, erkennen lässt.

T 899/17

The reasons for the failure of auxiliary requests which were skipped in the discussion during the oral proceedings before the opposition division in favour of more promising lower-ranking auxiliary requests and which were explicitly not withdrawn by the patent-proprietor have to be set out in the written decision.

T 439/17

1. Die Entscheidung T 1713/11 definiert eine Klage wegen Verletzung für die Zwecke des Artikels 105 EPÜ als "ein Verfahren zur Feststellung, ob ein Dritter in einem Bereich, der dem Ausschlussrecht des Patentinhabers unterliegt, wirtschaftlich tätig ist". Nach Meinung der Kammer bedeutet dies, dass das Entscheidungsorgan, üblicherweise ein Gericht, aufgefordert wird, "[eine Verletzung] festzustellen", als abschließendes Rechtsergebnis dieses Verfahrens. Die Tatsache, dass die Patentinhaberin oder eine andere Partei das fragliche Verfahren ganz offensichtlich mit dem Ziel eingeleitet hat, dem Patentinhaber die Feststellung einer Verletzung (als Tatbestand) zu ermöglichen, ist für das Vorliegen einer "Klage" im Sinne von Artikel 105 EPÜ irrelevant. (Nr. 6 der Gründe)

2. Die Zulässigkeit des Beitritts muss zum Zeitpunkt des Beitritts gegeben sein und kann nicht später rückwirkend (ex tunc) hergestellt werden. (Nr. 13 der Gründe) 3. Die Kammer stellt fest, dass ein Beweissicherungsverfahren nach § 485 Abs. 2 ZPO und die anschließende Verletzungsklage im Hinblick auf die Anwendung von Artikel 105 (1)(a) EPÜ als zwei getrennte Verfahren zu betrachten sind. (Nr. 15 der Gründe)

T 101/17

Reasons 4 and 5

T 54/17

1. Wenn eine Beschwerde vor der Beschwerdekamme anhängig ist, hat die Rechtsabteilung keine ausschließliche Zuständigkeit für die Frage der Unterbrechung des Verfahrens (siehe 1.4 der Entscheidungsgründe).

2. Setzt ein Patentinhaber in Kenntnis der Unterbrechungs-voraussetzungen, die ausschließlich in seiner Sphäre liegen, nach dem Wegfall der Unterbrechungsvoraussetzungen das Verfahren über Jahre uneingeschränkt fort, ohne sich darauf zu berufen, so erscheint es unbillig die Unterbrechung zu einem so späten Zeitpunkt geltend zu machen, mit der Folge, dass das bis dahin erfolgte Verfahren, an dem er bis dato aktiv mitgewirkt hat, zu wiederholen wäre. Dies widerspricht dem Grundsatz von Treu und Glauben (siehe 1.5 der Entscheidungs-gründe).

3. Wird die Lösung eines technischen Problems mithilfe eines neu formulierten und damit unüblichen Parameters definiert, so trifft den Patentinhaber eine besondere Pflicht, sämtliche Informationen zu offenbaren. Das beanspruchte "Betriebsereignis" und das beanspruchte "Reaktionsmuster" sind als solche "unüblichen Parameter" zu verstehen. Zwar haben sie einen gewissen Sinn in der deutschen Sprache, aber nicht ohne Weiteres einen technischen Sinn im Rahmen der Steuerung eines Prozessorssystems. Der Beitrag der Erfindung ist nur eine sehr allgemeine Idee, nämlich Umgebungsparameter in einem Überwachungs- und Steuerungsprozess zu berücksichtigen. Die Beschreibung enthält kein Ausführungsbeispiel, das diese Idee erläutern und darstellen würde. Weiterhin ist es nicht möglich diese Idee hinsichtlich der Parameter "Betriebsereignis" und "Reaktionsmuster" durch die Offenbarung der Beschreibung zu abstrahieren. (siehe Entscheidungsgründe 3.7, 3.8 and 3.13).

T 2344/16

Einer Änderung der Besetzung einer Prüfungsabteilung vor der mündlichen Verhandlung steht grundsätzlich nichts entgegen. Eine Verletzung des Rechts auf ein faires Verfahren und insbesondere auf rechtliches Gehör liegt darin an sich nicht. Die Einführung von neuem Stand der Technik, insbesondere zum Nachweis allgemeinen Fachwissens in Anwendung des Art. 114 EPÜ, zu einem späten Stadium der Prüfung und insbesondere während der mündlichen Verhandlung vor der Prüfungsabteilung verstößt nicht an sich gegen die ,,Waffengleichheit" im Verfahren.

T 2320/16

Oral proceedings by videoconference are consistent with the right to oral proceedings pursuant to Article 116 EPC (Reasons, 1)

T 2218/16

Sufficiency of disclosure - burden of proof, Novelty - new clinical situation

T 2081/16

Rule 71(5) EPC only applies where the text intended for grant has been communicated to the applicant according to Rule 71(3) EPC (see Reasons 1.4). Differentiation from G 0001/10 (see Reasons 3).

T 1787/16

Die Entscheidungsbegründung gemäß R. 111(2) EPÜ muss zwar nicht alle Argumente der Parteien im Detail behandeln, doch muss zumindest auf die entscheidenden Streitpunkte eingegangen werden. Sie hat auf die maßgeblichen Tatsachen, Beweismittel und Argumente einzugehen und die logische Kette zu enthalten, die zur Bildung des abschließenden Urteils geführt hat. Für die Verfahren vor dem EPA gilt der Grundsatz der Einheitlichkeit der Verfahrenssprache. Für die schriftliche Ausfertigung der Entscheidung ist dabei ausschließlich die Verfahrenssprache zu verwenden. Nur die Entscheidung in einer einheitlichen Verfahrenssprache wird auch den Anforderungen der R. 111(2) EPÜ an die Entscheidungsbegründung gerecht. Gemäß Art. 125 EPÜ sind, soweit das EPÜ keine Vorschriften über das Verfahren enthält, die in den Vertragsstaaten der Europäischen Patentorganisation im Allgemeinen anerkannten Grundsätze des Verfahrensrechts heranzuziehen. Dies gilt insbesondere für den zugleich in Art. 6(1) EMRK exemplarisch zum Ausdruck kommenden allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsatz des fairen Verfahrens, der als allgemeine Richtschnur für die Verfahrensgestaltung dient. Dazu zählt auch das Gebot, die Entscheidung so abzufassen, dass sie von einer der Verfahrenssprache mächtigen Partei verstanden werden kann.

T 1604/16

The boards have competence to review appealed decisions in full, including points of law and fact. This applies also to findings of fact of the department of first instance which are based, at least in part, on the evaluation of witness evidence obtained in the course of hearing a witness (reasons, point 3.1 and sub-points).

T 1378/16

Oral proceedings held by videoconference before the Boards of Appeal (see Reasons, point 1).

T 691/16

Gründe 4.1, 4.2, 6.3.2

T 448/16

see Reasons 9

T 328/16

Zurückweisung eines nach Eröffnung der mündlichen Verhandlung gestellten Antrages auf Aussetzung des als Videokonferenz durchgeführten Termins zur mündlichen Verhandlung und auf Neufestsetzung eines Termins zur mündlichen Verhandlung in physischer Präsenz aller Beteiligten (siehe Punkt 2 der Gründe)

T 116/18
Catchword/headnote...
T 2313/15

Reasons 4

T 1807/15

The following question is referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal for decision: Is the conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a videoconference compatible with the right to oral proceedings as enshrined in Article 116(1) EPC if not all of the parties to the proceedings have given their consent to the conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a videoconference?

T 1511/15

In a case where the Board has sent more than one summons to oral proceedings, it is normally the summons which was first sent which is "the summons to oral proceedings" within the meaning of Article 25(3) RPBA 2020 (Reasons, point 3.6).

T 280/15

Siehe Entscheidungsgründe 3.

T 52/15

Filing of a series of main requests resulting in each new main request being considered as replacing the previously filed main request. Procedural steps preventing the department of first instance from deciding on relevant issues. (See points 1.1-2.11 of the reasoning)

T 1695/14

 - Die Rücknahme eines Antrags kann ausdrücklich oder konkludent erfolgen. Eine konkludente Antragsrücknahme liegt vor, wenn sich aus den Umständen zweifelsfrei ergibt, dass bestimmte Anträge nicht weiterverfolgt werden sollen.

- Werden Anträge, die im Beschwerdeverfahren zunächst gestellt und nachfolgend ausdrücklich oder konkludent zurückgenommen worden waren, später erneut eingereicht (wieder aufgegriffen), richtet sich ihre Zulassung nach den verfahrensrechtlichen Normen der VOBK, die für die Zulassung eines gänzlich neuen Antrags maßgeblich sind.

T 1895/13

See Reasons for the Decision, points 7 and 8.

T 1860/13

With the withdrawal of their oppositions, the opponents renounced to their positions as parties to the proceedings and accordingly to any active role in them. The submissions filed by opponent III, following the filing of the statement of grounds by the appellant/patentee, are therefore regarded as observations made by a third party under Article 115 EPC. The request filed by former opponent III is without effect.

T 1473/13

1. Discussion of a possible general principle for staying proceedings before the EPO boards of appeal beyond Rules 14 / 78 EPC and Article 112(3) EPC, together with the associated case law.

2. The appellant has not stated a case for a stay. It has not shown, in particular, that a decision by the German Federal Constitutional Court ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") on pending constitutional complaints ("Verfassungsbeschwerden") against certain decisions of the Boards of Appeal and the Enlarged Board of Appeal claiming "insufficient judicial relief at the EPO against a decision of the Boards of Appeal" could possibly have an impact on unrelated proceedings that are pending before the boards, such as the present proceedings.

J 10/20

If the European Patent Office issues a promise or statement on how to act in a given area, the principle of legitimate expectations requires that promise or statement to be honoured unless there is good reason not to do so. Users and representatives cannot be expected to question, without any apparent reason, statements on the extension of time limits which are made in publications under Rule 134(4) EPC. Even in the absence of a general dislocation in the delivery or transmission of mail, they can rely on such publications without suffering any disadvantages (points 1.12.-1.20 of the Reasons).

J 7/20

The list of events, i.e. grounds, prompting interruption of proceedings under Rule 142(1)(c) EPC is exhaustive. External, practical and one-off kind of events (inter alia heavy snow, cancelled flights and failed communication) do not constitute "legal incapacity of the representative" under Rule 142(1)(c) EPC.

J 1/20

The established approach of applying the due-care criterion to the question of removal of the cause of noncompliance under Rule 136 EPC leads to an additional admissibility requirement, by expanding the scope of the substantive due-care criterion, which has no basis in the EPC. Removal of the cause of non-compliance is a question of fact which occurs on the date on which the person responsible for the application or patent actually became aware of an error (actual knowledge), rather than when this person ought to have noticed the error (presumption of knowledge). Pursuant to Article 122(1) EPC, if failure to observe a time limit is due to an error of fact, the due-care criterion is to be assessed only in the context of the merits of a request for re-establishment of rights. The same applies if failure to observe a time limit is based on an error of law. Thus, the due-care criterion is to be assessed only in the context of the merits of the request and removal of the cause of non-compliance occurs when the responsible person actually became aware of the error of law.

J 14/19

1.) Der Nachweis des Vorliegens der Voraussetzungen für die Aussetzung des Verfahrens nach Regel 14 (1) EPÜ muss während eines anhängigen Erteilungsverfahrens und somit vor Bekanntmachung des Hinweises auf die Erteilung im Europäischen Patentblatt erfolgen. Beweismittel, die erst nach diesem Zeitpunkt eingereicht werden, dürfen vom Europäischen Patentamt hierfür nicht berücksichtigt werden (Nr. 4.3 der Gründe).

2.)Die Frage zu welchem Zeitpunkt ein nationales Verfahren im Sinne der Regel 14 (1) EPÜ i.V.m. Artikel 61 (1) EPÜ als eingeleitet gilt, ist nach dem Verfahrensrecht jenes Staates zu beurteilen, dessen Gerichte zum Treffen einer Entscheidung im Sinne des Artikels 61 (1) EPÜ angerufen wurden (Nr. 6.1 und 6.2 der Gründe).

3.) Bei der Anwendung fremden Rechtes muss das Europäische Patentamt dieses, soweit möglich, im Gesamtzusammenhang der fremden Rechtsordnung anwenden. Dabei ist das Europäische Patentamt als von staatlichen Behörden und Gerichten unabhängige internationale Organisation nicht an die Rechtsprechung nationaler Gerichte zur Auslegung der anzuwendenden fremden Rechtsnorm gebunden. Sofern dem Europäischen Patentamt bekannt, sollte insbesondere höchstgerichtliche nationale Rechtsprechung bei der Entscheidungsfindung jedoch berücksichtigt und gewürdigt werden(Nr. 6.5 der Gründe).

4.) Fragen des Rechtsmissbrauchs stellen sich auch in den Verfahren vor dem Europäischen Patentamt (siehe etwa Artikel 16 (1) e) VOBK 2020). Zur Vermeidung von Wertungswidersprüchen sind derartige Fragen vom Europäischen Patentamt auch im Rahmen des Aussetzungsverfahrens autonom, also unabhängig von nationalen Rechtsordnungen zu beurteilen (Nr. 6.22 der Gründe).

5.) Die zweckwidrige Inanspruchnahme eines Rechtes kann unter Umständen Rechtsmissbrauch begründen. Dies ist etwa dann der Fall, wenn die Rechtsausübung überwiegend in Schädigungsabsicht erfolgt und andere, legitime Zwecke in den Hintergrund treten. Rechtsmissbrauch muss zweifelsfrei vorliegen und erfordert eine sorgfältige Prüfung und Abwägung der Einzelumstände. Die Beweislast trifft denjenigen, der sich auf Rechtsmissbrauch beruft (Nr. 13.1 der Gründe).

J 10/19

Die Feststellung der Unterbrechung eines Verfahrens wegen der Insolvenz eines Patent(mit)inhabers erfolgt zwar regelmäßig rückwirkend. Sie kann aber nur mit Wirkung ex nunc aufgehoben werden. Eine rückwirkende Aufhebung kommt auch nicht im Einzelfall unter Abwägung der betroffenen Interessen in Betracht. Vielmehr handelt es sich dabei um eine Rechtsfrage, die allgemein zu beantworten ist.

J 12/18

Under Article 76(2) EPC only those Contracting States that had been designated in the earlier application at time of filing the divisional can be designated in the divisional. A designated state forfeited in the parent application at time of filing the divisional cannot be revived in the divisional one.

G 4/19

1. A European patent application can be refused under Articles 97(2) and 125 EPC if it claims the same subject-matter as a European patent which has been granted to the same applicant and does not form part of the state of the art pursuant to Article 54(2) and (3) EPC.

2. The application can be refused on that legal basis, irrespective of whether it a) was filed on the same date as, or b) is an earlier application or a divisional application (Article 76(1) EPC) in respect of, or c) claims the same priority (Article 88 EPC) as the European patent application leading to the European patent already granted.

G 2/19

1. Ein Dritter im Sinne von Artikel 115 EPÜ, der gegen die Entscheidung über die Erteilung eines europäischen Patents Beschwerde eingelegt hat, hat keinen Anspruch darauf, dass vor einer Beschwerdekammer des Europäischen Patentamtes mündlich über sein Begehren verhandelt wird, zur Beseitigung vermeintlich undeutlicher Patentansprüche (Artikel 84 EPÜ) des europäischen Patents den erneuten Eintritt in das Prüfungsverfahren anzuordnen. Eine solchermaßen eingelegte Beschwerde entfaltet keine aufschiebende Wirkung.

2. Mündliche Verhandlungen der Beschwerdekammern an deren Standort in Haar verstoßen nicht gegen die Artikel 113 (1) und 116 (1) EPÜ.

OJ Supplementary Publications
Case law 2021
Case law 2020

ABl. EPA 2021, Zusatzpublikation 2
OJ EPO 2021, Supplementary publication 2
JO OEB 2021, Publication supplémentaire 2  

Case law 2019

ABl. EPA 2020, Zusatzpublikation 4
OJ EPO 2020, Supplementary publication 4
JO OEB 2020, Publication supplémentaire 4

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