Skip to main content Skip to footer
HomeHome
 
  • Homepage
  • Searching for patents

    Patent knowledge

    Access our patent databases and search tools.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Technical information
      • Overview
      • Espacenet - patent search
      • European Publication Server
      • EP full-text search
    • Legal information
      • Overview
      • European Patent Register
      • European Patent Bulletin
      • European Case Law Identifier sitemap
      • Third-party observations
    • Business information
      • Overview
      • PATSTAT
      • IPscore
      • Technology insight reports
    • Data
      • Overview
      • Technology Intelligence Platform
      • Linked open EP data
      • Bulk data sets
      • Web services
      • Coverage, codes and statistics
    • Technology platforms
      • Overview
      • Plastics in transition
      • Water innovation
      • Space innovation
      • Technologies combatting cancer
      • Firefighting technologies
      • Clean energy technologies
      • Fighting coronavirus
    • Helpful resources
      • Overview
      • First time here?
      • Asian patent information
      • Patent information centres
      • Patent Translate
      • Patent Knowledge News
      • Business and statistics
      • Unitary Patent information in patent knowledge
    Image
    Plastics in Transition

    Technology insight report on plastic waste management

  • Applying for a patent

    Applying for a patent

    Practical information on filing and grant procedures.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • European route
      • Overview
      • European Patent Guide
      • Oppositions
      • Oral proceedings
      • Appeals
      • Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court
      • National validation
      • Request for extension/validation
    • International route (PCT)
      • Overview
      • Euro-PCT Guide – PCT procedure at the EPO
      • EPO decisions and notices
      • PCT provisions and resources
      • Extension/validation request
      • Reinforced partnership programme
      • Accelerating your PCT application
      • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
      • Training and events
    • National route
    • Find a professional representative
    • MyEPO services
      • Overview
      • Understand our services
      • Get access
      • File with us
      • Interact with us on your files
      • Online Filing & fee payment outages
    • Forms
      • Overview
      • Request for examination
    • Fees
      • Overview
      • European fees (EPC)
      • International fees (PCT)
      • Unitary Patent fees (UP)
      • Fee payment and refunds
      • Warning

    UP

    Find out how the Unitary Patent can enhance your IP strategy

  • Law & practice

    Law & practice

    European patent law, the Official Journal and other legal texts.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Legal texts
      • Overview
      • European Patent Convention
      • Official Journal
      • Guidelines
      • Extension / validation system
      • London Agreement
      • National law relating to the EPC
      • Unitary patent system
      • National measures relating to the Unitary Patent
    • Court practices
      • Overview
      • European Patent Judges' Symposium
    • User consultations
      • Overview
      • Ongoing consultations
      • Completed consultations
    • Substantive patent law harmonisation
      • Overview
      • The Tegernsee process
      • Group B+
    • Convergence of practice
    • Options for professional representatives
    Image
    Law and practice scales 720x237

    Keep up with key aspects of selected BoA decisions with our monthly "Abstracts of decisions”

  • News & events

    News & events

    Our latest news, podcasts and events, including the European Inventor Award.

    Go to overview 

     

    • Overview
    • News
    • Events
    • European Inventor Award
      • Overview
      • About the award
      • Categories and prizes
      • Meet the finalists
      • Nominations
      • European Inventor Network
      • The 2024 event
    • Young Inventors Prize
      • Overview
      • About the prize
      • Nominations
      • The jury
      • The world, reimagined
      • The 2025 event
    • Press centre
      • Overview
      • Patent Index and statistics
      • Search in press centre
      • Background information
      • Copyright
      • Press contacts
      • Call back form
      • Email alert service
    • Innovation and patenting in focus
      • Overview
      • Water-related technologies
      • CodeFest
      • Green tech in focus
      • Research institutes
      • Women inventors
      • Lifestyle
      • Space and satellites
      • The future of medicine
      • Materials science
      • Mobile communications
      • Biotechnology
      • Patent classification
      • Digital technologies
      • The future of manufacturing
      • Books by EPO experts
    • "Talk innovation" podcast

    Podcast

    From ideas to inventions: tune into our podcast for the latest in tech and IP

  • Learning

    Learning

    The European Patent Academy – the point of access to your learning

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Learning activities and paths
      • Overview
      • Learning activities
      • Learning paths
    • EQE and EPAC
      • Overview
      • EQE - European qualifying examination
      • EPAC - European patent administration certification
      • CSP – Candidate Support Programme
    • Learning resources by area of interest
      • Overview
      • Patent granting
      • Technology transfer and dissemination
      • Patent enforcement and litigation
    • Learning resources by profile
      • Overview
      • Business and IP managers
      • EQE and EPAC Candidates
      • Judges, lawyers and prosecutors
      • National offices and IP authorities
      • Patent attorneys and paralegals
      • Universities, research centres and technology transfer centres (TTOs)
    Image
    Patent Academy catalogue

    Have a look at the extensive range of learning opportunities in the European Patent Academy training catalogue

  • About us

    About us

    Find out more about our work, values, history and vision

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • The EPO at a glance
    • 50 years of the EPC
      • Overview
      • Official celebrations
      • Member states’ video statements
      • 50 Leading Tech Voices
      • Athens Marathon
      • Kids’ collaborative art competition
    • Legal foundations and member states
      • Overview
      • Legal foundations
      • Member states of the European Patent Organisation
      • Extension states
      • Validation states
    • Administrative Council and subsidiary bodies
      • Overview
      • Communiqués
      • Calendar
      • Documents and publications
      • Administrative Council
    • Principles & strategy
      • Overview
      • Our mission, vision, values and corporate policy
      • Strategic Plan 2028
      • Towards a New Normal
    • Leadership & management
      • Overview
      • President António Campinos
      • Management Advisory Committee
    • Sustainability at the EPO
      • Overview
      • Environmental
      • Social
      • Governance and Financial sustainability
    • Services & activities
      • Overview
      • Our services & structure
      • Quality
      • Consulting our users
      • European and international co-operation
      • European Patent Academy
      • Chief Economist
      • Ombuds Office
      • Reporting wrongdoing
    • Observatory on Patents and Technology
      • Overview
      • Technologies
      • Innovation actors
      • Policy and funding
      • Tools
      • About the Observatory
    • Procurement
      • Overview
      • Procurement forecast
      • Doing business with the EPO
      • Procurement procedures
      • Sustainable Procurement Policy
      • About eTendering and electronic signatures
      • Procurement portal
      • Invoicing
      • General conditions
      • Archived tenders
    • Transparency portal
      • Overview
      • General
      • Human
      • Environmental
      • Organisational
      • Social and relational
      • Economic
      • Governance
    • Statistics and trends
      • Overview
      • Statistics & Trends Centre
      • Patent Index 2024
      • EPO Data Hub
      • Clarification on data sources
    • History
      • Overview
      • 1970s
      • 1980s
      • 1990s
      • 2000s
      • 2010s
      • 2020s
    • Art collection
      • Overview
      • The collection
      • Let's talk about art
      • Artists
      • Media library
      • What's on
      • Publications
      • Contact
      • Culture Space A&T 5-10
      • "Long Night"
    Image
    Patent Index 2024 keyvisual showing brightly lit up data chip, tinted in purple, bright blue

    Track the latest tech trends with our Patent Index

 
en de fr
  • Language selection
  • English
  • Deutsch
  • Français
Main navigation
  • Homepage
    • Go back
    • New to patents
  • New to patents
    • Go back
    • Your business and patents
    • Why do we have patents?
    • What's your big idea?
    • Are you ready?
    • What to expect
    • How to apply for a patent
    • Is it patentable?
    • Are you first?
    • Patent quiz
    • Unitary patent video
  • Searching for patents
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Technical information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Espacenet - patent search
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • National patent office databases
        • Global Patent Index (GPI)
        • Release notes
      • European Publication Server
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes
        • Cross-reference index for Euro-PCT applications
        • EP authority file
        • Help
      • EP full-text search
    • Legal information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Register
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes archive
        • Register documentation
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Deep link data coverage
          • Federated Register
          • Register events
      • European Patent Bulletin
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Download Bulletin
        • EP Bulletin search
        • Help
      • European Case Law Identifier sitemap
      • Third-party observations
    • Business information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • PATSTAT
      • IPscore
        • Go back
        • Release notes
      • Technology insight reports
    • Data
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technology Intelligence Platform
      • Linked open EP data
      • Bulk data sets
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Manuals
        • Sequence listings
        • National full-text data
        • European Patent Register data
        • EPO worldwide bibliographic data (DOCDB)
        • EP full-text data
        • EPO worldwide legal event data (INPADOC)
        • EP bibliographic data (EBD)
        • Boards of Appeal decisions
      • Web services
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Open Patent Services (OPS)
        • European Publication Server web service
      • Coverage, codes and statistics
        • Go back
        • Weekly updates
        • Updated regularly
    • Technology platforms
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Plastics in transition
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Plastics waste recovery
        • Plastics waste recycling
        • Alternative plastics
      • Innovation in water technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Clean water
        • Protection from water
      • Space innovation
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Cosmonautics
        • Space observation
      • Technologies combatting cancer
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Prevention and early detection
        • Diagnostics
        • Therapies
        • Wellbeing and aftercare
      • Firefighting technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Detection and prevention of fires
        • Fire extinguishing
        • Protective equipment
        • Post-fire restoration
      • Clean energy technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Renewable energy
        • Carbon-intensive industries
        • Energy storage and other enabling technologies
      • Fighting coronavirus
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Vaccines and therapeutics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Vaccines
          • Overview of candidate therapies for COVID-19
          • Candidate antiviral and symptomatic therapeutics
          • Nucleic acids and antibodies to fight coronavirus
        • Diagnostics and analytics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Protein and nucleic acid assays
          • Analytical protocols
        • Informatics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Bioinformatics
          • Healthcare informatics
        • Technologies for the new normal
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Devices, materials and equipment
          • Procedures, actions and activities
          • Digital technologies
        • Inventors against coronavirus
    • Helpful resources
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • First time here?
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Basic definitions
        • Patent classification
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)
        • Patent families
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • DOCDB simple patent family
          • INPADOC extended patent family
        • Legal event data
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • INPADOC classification scheme
      • Asian patent information
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • China (CN)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Chinese Taipei (TW)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • India (IN)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
        • Japan (JP)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Korea (KR)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Russian Federation (RU)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Numbering system
          • Searching in databases
        • Useful links
      • Patent information centres (PATLIB)
      • Patent Translate
      • Patent Knowledge News
      • Business and statistics
      • Unitary Patent information in patent knowledge
  • Applying for a patent
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • European route
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Guide
      • Oppositions
      • Oral proceedings
        • Go back
        • Oral proceedings calendar
          • Go back
          • Calendar
          • Public access to appeal proceedings
          • Public access to opposition proceedings
          • Technical guidelines
      • Appeals
      • Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Unitary Patent
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Legal framework
          • Main features
          • Applying for a Unitary Patent
          • Cost of a Unitary Patent
          • Translation and compensation
          • Start date
          • Introductory brochures
        • Unified Patent Court
      • National validation
      • Extension/validation request
    • International route
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Euro-PCT Guide
      • Entry into the European phase
      • Decisions and notices
      • PCT provisions and resources
      • Extension/validation request
      • Reinforced partnership programme
      • Accelerating your PCT application
      • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
        • Go back
        • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) programme outline
      • Training and events
    • National route
    • MyEPO services
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Understand our services
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Exchange data with us using an API
          • Go back
          • Release notes
      • Get access
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes
      • File with us
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • What if our online filing services are down?
        • Release notes
      • Interact with us on your files
        • Go back
        • Release notes
      • Online Filing & fee payment outages
    • Fees
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European fees (EPC)
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Decisions and notices
      • International fees (PCT)
        • Go back
        • Reduction in fees
        • Fees for international applications
        • Decisions and notices
        • Overview
      • Unitary Patent fees (UP)
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Decisions and notices
      • Fee payment and refunds
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Payment methods
        • Getting started
        • FAQs and other documentation
        • Technical information for batch payments
        • Decisions and notices
        • Release notes
      • Warning
    • Forms
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Request for examination
    • Find a professional representative
  • Law & practice
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Legal texts
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Convention
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Archive
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Documentation on the EPC revision 2000
            • Go back
            • Overview
            • Diplomatic Conference for the revision of the EPC
            • Travaux préparatoires
            • New text
            • Transitional provisions
            • Implementing regulations to the EPC 2000
            • Rules relating to Fees
            • Ratifications and accessions
          • Travaux Préparatoires EPC 1973
      • Official Journal
      • Guidelines
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • EPC Guidelines
        • PCT-EPO Guidelines
        • Unitary Patent Guidelines
        • Guidelines revision cycle
        • Consultation results
        • Summary of user responses
        • Archive
      • Extension / validation system
      • London Agreement
      • National law relating to the EPC
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Archive
      • Unitary Patent system
        • Go back
        • Travaux préparatoires to UP and UPC
      • National measures relating to the Unitary Patent 
    • Court practices
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Judges' Symposium
    • User consultations
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Ongoing consultations
      • Completed consultations
    • Substantive patent law harmonisation
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The Tegernsee process
      • Group B+
    • Convergence of practice
    • Options for professional representatives
  • News & events
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • News
    • Events
    • European Inventor Award
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the award
      • Categories and prizes
      • Meet the inventors
      • Nominations
      • European Inventor Network
        • Go back
        • 2024 activities
        • 2025 activities
        • Rules and criteria
        • FAQ
      • The 2024 event
    • Young Inventors Prize
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the prize
      • Nominations
      • The jury
      • The world, reimagined
      • The 2025 event
    • Press centre
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent Index and statistics
      • Search in press centre
      • Background information
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • European Patent Office
        • Q&A on patents related to coronavirus
        • Q&A on plant patents
      • Copyright
      • Press contacts
      • Call back form
      • Email alert service
    • In focus
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Water-related technologies
      • CodeFest
        • Go back
        • CodeFest Spring 2025 on classifying patent data for sustainable development
        • Overview
        • CodeFest 2024 on generative AI
        • CodeFest 2023 on Green Plastics
      • Green tech in focus
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About green tech
        • Renewable energies
        • Energy transition technologies
        • Building a greener future
      • Research institutes
      • Women inventors
      • Lifestyle
      • Space and satellites
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Patents and space technologies
      • Healthcare
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Medical technologies and cancer
        • Personalised medicine
      • Materials science
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Nanotechnology
      • Mobile communications
      • Biotechnology
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Red, white or green
        • The role of the EPO
        • What is patentable?
        • Biotech inventors
      • Classification
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Nanotechnology
        • Climate change mitigation technologies
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • External partners
          • Updates on Y02 and Y04S
      • Digital technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About ICT
        • Hardware and software
        • Artificial intelligence
        • Fourth Industrial Revolution
      • Additive manufacturing
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About AM
        • AM innovation
      • Books by EPO experts
    • Podcast
  • Learning
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Learning activities and paths
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Learning activities: types and formats
      • Learning paths
    • EQE and EPAC
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • EQE - European Qualifying Examination
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Compendium
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Paper F
          • Paper A
          • Paper B
          • Paper C
          • Paper D
          • Pre-examination
        • Candidates successful in the European qualifying examination
        • Archive
      • EPAC - European patent administration certification
      • CSP – Candidate Support Programme
    • Learning resources by area of interest
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent granting
      • Technology transfer and dissemination
      • Patent enforcement and litigation
    • Learning resources by profile
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Business and IP managers
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Innovation case studies
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • SME case studies
          • Technology transfer case studies
          • High-growth technology case studies
        • Inventor's handbook
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Introduction
          • Disclosure and confidentiality
          • Novelty and prior art
          • Competition and market potential
          • Assessing the risk ahead
          • Proving the invention
          • Protecting your idea
          • Building a team and seeking funding
          • Business planning
          • Finding and approaching companies
          • Dealing with companies
        • Best of search matters
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Tools and databases
          • EPO procedures and initiatives
          • Search strategies
          • Challenges and specific topics
        • Support for high-growth technology businesses
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Business decision-makers
          • IP professionals
          • Stakeholders of the Innovation Ecosystem
      • EQE and EPAC Candidates
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Paper F brain-teasers
        • Daily D questions
        • European qualifying examination - Guide for preparation
        • EPAC
      • Judges, lawyers and prosecutors
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Compulsory licensing in Europe
        • The jurisdiction of European courts in patent disputes
      • National offices and IP authorities
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Learning material for examiners of national officers
        • Learning material for formalities officers and paralegals
      • Patent attorneys and paralegals
      • Universities, research centres and TTOs
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Modular IP Education Framework (MIPEF)
        • Pan-European Seal Young Professionals Programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • For students
          • For universities
            • Go back
            • Overview
            • IP education resources
            • University memberships
          • Our young professionals
          • Professional development plan
        • Academic Research Programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Completed research projects
          • Current research projects
        • IP Teaching Kit
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Download modules
        • Intellectual property course design manual
        • PATLIB Knowledge Transfer to Africa
          • Go back
          • Core activities
          • Stories and insights
  • About us
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • The EPO at a glance
    • 50 years of the EPC
      • Go back
      • Official celebrations
      • Overview
      • Member states’ video statements
        • Go back
        • Albania
        • Austria
        • Belgium
        • Bulgaria
        • Croatia
        • Cyprus
        • Czech Republic
        • Denmark
        • Estonia
        • Finland
        • France
        • Germany
        • Greece
        • Hungary
        • Iceland
        • Ireland
        • Italy
        • Latvia
        • Liechtenstein
        • Lithuania
        • Luxembourg
        • Malta
        • Monaco
        • Montenegro
        • Netherlands
        • North Macedonia
        • Norway
        • Poland
        • Portugal
        • Romania
        • San Marino
        • Serbia
        • Slovakia
        • Slovenia
        • Spain
        • Sweden
        • Switzerland
        • Türkiye
        • United Kingdom
      • 50 Leading Tech Voices
      • Athens Marathon
      • Kids’ collaborative art competition
    • Legal foundations and member states
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Legal foundations
      • Member states
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Member states by date of accession
      • Extension states
      • Validation states
    • Administrative Council and subsidiary bodies
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Communiqués
        • Go back
        • 2024
        • Overview
        • 2023
        • 2022
        • 2021
        • 2020
        • 2019
        • 2018
        • 2017
        • 2016
        • 2015
        • 2014
        • 2013
      • Calendar
      • Documents and publications
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Select Committee documents
      • Administrative Council
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Composition
        • Representatives
        • Rules of Procedure
        • Board of Auditors
        • Secretariat
        • Council bodies
    • Principles & strategy
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Mission, vision, values & corporate policy
      • Strategic Plan 2028
        • Go back
        • Driver 1: People
        • Driver 2: Technologies
        • Driver 3: High-quality, timely products and services
        • Driver 4: Partnerships
        • Driver 5: Financial sustainability
      • Towards a New Normal
      • Data protection & privacy notice
    • Leadership & management
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the President
      • Management Advisory Committee
    • Sustainability at the EPO
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Environmental
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Inspiring environmental inventions
      • Social
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Inspiring social inventions
      • Governance and Financial sustainability
    • Procurement
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Procurement forecast
      • Doing business with the EPO
      • Procurement procedures
      • Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS) publications
      • Sustainable Procurement Policy
      • About eTendering
      • Invoicing
      • Procurement portal
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • e-Signing contracts
      • General conditions
      • Archived tenders
    • Services & activities
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Our services & structure
      • Quality
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Foundations
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • European Patent Convention
          • Guidelines for examination
          • Our staff
        • Enabling quality
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Prior art
          • Classification
          • Tools
          • Processes
        • Products & services
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Search
          • Examination
          • Opposition
          • Continuous improvement
        • Quality through networking
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • User engagement
          • Co-operation
          • User satisfaction survey
          • Stakeholder Quality Assurance Panels
        • Patent Quality Charter
        • Quality Action Plan
        • Quality dashboard
        • Statistics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Search
          • Examination
          • Opposition
        • Integrated management at the EPO
      • Consulting our users
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Standing Advisory Committee before the EPO (SACEPO)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Objectives
          • SACEPO and its working parties
          • Meetings
          • Single Access Portal – SACEPO Area
        • Surveys
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Detailed methodology
          • Search services
          • Examination services, final actions and publication
          • Opposition services
          • Formalities services
          • Customer services
          • Filing services
          • Key Account Management (KAM)
          • Website
          • Archive
      • Our user service charter
      • European and international co-operation
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Co-operation with member states
          • Go back
          • Overview
        • Bilateral co-operation with non-member states
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Validation system
          • Reinforced Partnership programme
        • Multilateral international co-operation with IP offices and organisations
        • Co-operation with international organisations outside the IP system
      • European Patent Academy
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Partners
      • Chief Economist
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Economic studies
      • Ombuds Office
      • Reporting wrongdoing
    • Observatory on Patents and Technology
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Innovation against cancer
        • Assistive robotics
        • Space technologies
      • Innovation actors
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Startups and SMEs
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Publications
        • Research universities and public research organisations
      • Policy and funding
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Financing innovation programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Our studies on the financing of innovation
          • EPO initiatives for patent applicants
          • Financial support for innovators in Europe
        • Patents and standards
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Publications
          • Patent standards explorer
      • Tools
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Deep Tech Finder
      • About the Observatory
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Work plan
    • Transparency portal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • General
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Annual Review 2024
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Executive summary
          • Driver 1 – People
          • Driver 2 – Technologies
          • Driver 3 – High-quality, timely products and services
          • Driver 4 – Partnerships
          • Driver 5 – Financial Sustainability
        • Annual Review 2023
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Foreword
          • Executive summary
          • 50 years of the EPC
          • Strategic key performance indicators
          • Goal 1: Engaged and empowered
          • Goal 2: Digital transformation
          • Goal 3: Master quality
          • Goal 4: Partner for positive impact
          • Goal 5: Secure sustainability
        • Annual Review 2022
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Foreword
          • Executive summary
          • Goal 1: Engaged and empowered
          • Goal 2: Digital transformation
          • Goal 3: Master quality
          • Goal 4: Partner for positive impact
          • Goal 5: Secure sustainability
      • Human
      • Environmental
      • Organisational
      • Social and relational
      • Economic
      • Governance
    • Statistics and trends
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Statistics & Trends Centre
      • Patent Index 2024
        • Go back
        • Insight into computer technology and AI
        • Insight into clean energy technologies
        • Statistics and indicators
          • Go back
          • European patent applications
            • Go back
            • Key trend
            • Origin
            • Top 10 technical fields
              • Go back
              • Computer technology
              • Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy
              • Digital communication
              • Medical technology
              • Transport
              • Measurement
              • Biotechnology
              • Pharmaceuticals
              • Other special machines
              • Organic fine chemistry
            • All technical fields
          • Applicants
            • Go back
            • Top 50
            • Categories
            • Women inventors
          • Granted patents
            • Go back
            • Key trend
            • Origin
            • Designations
      • Data to download
      • EPO Data Hub
      • Clarification on data sources
    • History
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • 1970s
      • 1980s
      • 1990s
      • 2000s
      • 2010s
      • 2020s
    • Art collection
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The collection
      • Let's talk about art
      • Artists
      • Media library
      • What's on
      • Publications
      • Contact
      • Culture Space A&T 5-10
        • Go back
        • Catalyst lab & Deep vision
          • Go back
          • Irene Sauter (DE)
          • AVPD (DK)
          • Jan Robert Leegte (NL)
          • Jānis Dzirnieks (LV) #1
          • Jānis Dzirnieks (LV) #2
          • Péter Szalay (HU)
          • Thomas Feuerstein (AT)
          • Tom Burr (US)
          • Wolfgang Tillmans (DE)
          • TerraPort
          • Unfinished Sculpture - Captives #1
          • Deep vision – immersive exhibition
          • Previous exhibitions
        • The European Patent Journey
        • Sustaining life. Art in the climate emergency
        • Next generation statements
        • Open storage
        • Cosmic bar
      • "Long Night"
  • Boards of Appeal
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Decisions of the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Recent decisions
      • Selected decisions
    • Information from the Boards of Appeal
    • Procedure
    • Oral proceedings
    • About the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • President of the Boards of Appeal
      • Enlarged Board of Appeal
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Pending referrals (Art. 112 EPC)
        • Decisions sorted by number (Art. 112 EPC)
        • Pending petitions for review (Art. 112a EPC)
        • Decisions on petitions for review (Art. 112a EPC)
      • Technical Boards of Appeal
      • Legal Board of Appeal
      • Disciplinary Board of Appeal
      • Presidium
        • Go back
        • Overview
    • Code of Conduct
    • Business distribution scheme
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technical boards of appeal by IPC in 2025
      • Archive
    • Annual list of cases
    • Communications
    • Annual reports
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • Publications
      • Go back
      • Abstracts of decisions
    • Case Law of the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Archive
  • Service & support
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Website updates
    • Availability of online services
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • FAQ
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • Publications
    • Ordering
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent Knowledge Products and Services
      • Terms and conditions
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Patent information products
        • Bulk data sets
        • Open Patent Services (OPS)
        • Fair use charter
    • Procedural communications
    • Useful links
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent offices of member states
      • Other patent offices
      • Directories of patent attorneys
      • Patent databases, registers and gazettes
      • Disclaimer
    • Contact us
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Filing options
      • Locations
    • Subscription centre
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Subscribe
      • Change preferences
      • Unsubscribe
    • Official holidays
    • Glossary
    • RSS feeds
Board of Appeals
Decisions

Recent decisions

Overview
  • 2025 decisions
  • 2024 decisions
  • 2023 decisions
  1. Home
  2. T 1331/09 10-01-2012
Facebook X Linkedin Email

T 1331/09 10-01-2012

European Case Law Identifier
ECLI:EP:BA:2012:T133109.20120110
Date of decision
10 January 2012
Case number
T 1331/09
Petition for review of
-
Application number
98952149.7
IPC class
A61F 13/00
A61F 13/12
Language of proceedings
EN
Distribution
NO DISTRIBUTION (D)

Download and more information:

Decision in EN 231.42 KB
Documentation of the appeal procedure can be found in the European Patent Register
Bibliographic information is available in:
EN
Versions
Unpublished
Application title

BANDAGE INCLUDING DATA ACQUISITION COMPONENTS

Applicant name
Sternberg, Edward A.
Opponent name

Techn.Uni.DELFT/Acad.Med.Centrum

AMSTERDAM/Uni.Med.Centrum ROTTERDAM,Erasmus Uni.

Board
3.2.06
Headnote
-
Relevant legal provisions
European Patent Convention Art 54(1) 1973
European Patent Convention Art 54(2) 1973
European Patent Convention Art 123(2)
Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal Art 13
Keywords

Public prior use - yes

Novelty (main request) - no

Admittance into the proceedings (first to sixth auxiliary requests) - no

Catchword
-
Cited decisions
T 0472/92
Citing decisions
-

I. The mention of grant of European patent No. 1 021 149, with 27 claims, on the basis of European patent application No. 98952149.7 filed on 8 October 1998 and claiming a US-priority from 9 October 1997, was published on 9 July 2003.

Claim 1 of the patent as granted reads as follows:

"A bandage comprising:

- a pad (18) positionable in contact with a patient (14);

- a microcontroller (46) contained within the pad (18) [*AR1]; and

- a sensor (42) coupled to the microcontroller (46) to provide a signal to the microcontroller (46), the signal being related to the status of the pad (18), [*AR6]

wherein the microcontroller (46) records [**AR1] information related to the signal from the sensor (42)."

II. Notice of opposition, in which revocation of the patent on the grounds of Article 100(a) EPC 1973 was requested, was filed against the granted patent. Documents were presented in support of the opponent's allegation of certain non-confidential prior disclosures, inter alia minutes of the Rotterdam Amblyopia Screening Effectiveness Study (RAMSES) meetings.

By way of its interlocutory decision posted on 15 April 2009, the opposition division revoked the European patent. The opposition division held that the persons within the RAMSES group had an implicit obligation of confidentiality, but that the subject-matter of claim 1 however did not involve an inventive step when compared to the further cited prior art in combination with the knowledge of the person skilled in the art. The requirement of Article 56 EPC 1973 was thus not met.

III. Notice of appeal was filed against this decision by the appellant (patentee) on 24 June 2009, and the appeal fee was paid on 25 June 2009. Two auxiliary requests were filed together with the grounds of appeal on 25 August 2009.

IV. In a communication accompanying the summons to oral proceedings, the Board expressed its preliminary view that it was inter alia questionable whether participants of the RAMSES meetings had an obligation of confidentiality in view of the presence of at least some members who were acting on behalf of public bodies. It would further have to be discussed whether - if proven - the alleged prior disclosure was enabling in such a way that the invention could be carried out. The auxiliary requests did not seem to be admissible with respect to Article 123(2) EPC.

V. With letter dated 9 December 2001, the appellant filed six auxiliary requests replacing all previous auxiliary requests.

VI. Oral proceedings were held on 10 January 2012. During the discussion of the matter the following documents were emphasised as relevant by the parties:

A0: Translation of several passages in the documents A1 to A7

A2: Minutes of a first preparatory meeting of project group RAMSES, dated 25 November 1996 and partial translation into English

A4: Agenda for RAMSES meeting of 27 June 1997 and attached minutes of meeting 21 February 1997

A5: Agenda for RAMSES meeting of 12 September 1997 and its translation into English, and attached minutes of meeting 27 June 1997

A6: Memo of 8 September 1997 from Rikard Juttmann to Dr Simonsz and Prof. Dr Van der Maas and attached a draft concept proposal

A7: Minutes of RAMSES meeting of 12 September 1997

A8: Declaration dated 6 February 2009 by Prof Dr P.J. van der Maas

A9: Declaration dated 6 February 2009 by Dr Juttmann

A10: Declaration dated 9 September 2010 by Dr Jan-Tjeerd h.N. de Faber MD

A12: Declaration dated 30 November 2011 by Dr. H. Schepping MCM

A13: Declaration received at the EPO on 7 December 2011 by A.J.M. Hermans, MD, PhD

E2: Internal note by C. Romijn dated 24 December 1996

L1: Amblyopia, Jan-Tjeerd H.N. de Faber, MD, and Christine Kingma-Wilschut, CO, 1996 Rapid Science Publishers, ISBN 1-85992-836-4, ISSN 1040-8738

L2: Compliance in amblyopia therapy: objective monitoring of occlusion, Alistair R Fielder, Mary Irwin, Rosemary Auld, Kenneth D Cocker, Helen S Jones, Merrick J Moseley; British Journal of Ophtalmology 1995; 79: 585-589

The appellant (patentee) requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and that the European patent be maintained as granted or on the basis of one of the auxiliary requests 1 to 6, filed 9 December 2011.

The respondent (opponent) requested that the appeal be dismissed.

i. Claim 1 of the first auxiliary request was amended by insertion of "and including a memory" at [*AR1] and "in the memory" at [**AR1].

ii. Claim 1 of the second auxiliary request reads:

"A bandage capable of monitoring a patient wearing the bandage comprising:

- a microcontroller (46) having a memory positioned within the bandage;

- means for securing the bandage (10) to the patient (14) at a desired location;

- a sensor (42) attached to the microcontroller (46), the sensor (42) being positionable such that the sensor (42) is capable of generating a signal based on the status of the patient (14) and the bandage;

wherein the arrangement is such that the signal generated by the sensor (42) is monitored;

and information desired from the signal generated by the sensor (42) is recorded in the memory in the microcontroller (46)."

iii. Claim 1 of the third auxiliary request includes the wording of claim 1 according to the first auxiliary request with the insertion of:

"... a data transfer port (32) formed in the pad (18),"

before "wherein", and at the end:

"... the data transfer port (32) allows for an external connection to the microcontroller (46) contained within the pad (18)."

iv. Claim 1 of the fourth auxiliary request includes the wording of claim 1 according to the second auxiliary request with the insertion of:

"... and a data transfer port (32) formed in the pad (18),"

before "wherein", and at the end:

"... and the data transfer port (32) allows for an external connection to the microcontroller (46) contained within the pad (18)",

and the word "and" before "information desired" being deleted.

v. Claim 1 of the fifth auxiliary request includes the wording of claim 1 according to the main request (claim 1 as granted) to which the features of granted claim 11 are added:

... wherein the bandage is shaped as an eye patch for use in occlusion therapy,

the eye patch (12) further comprising means (16) for attaching the eye patch (12) to the eye area of a patient (14);

wherein the microcontroller (46) contained within the pad (18) has a memory capable of storing information; and wherein the sensor (42) coupled to the microcontroller (46) provides a signal to the microcontroller (46), the signal from the sensor (42) indicating whether the eye patch (12) is attached to the patient (14)."

vi. Claim 1 of the sixth auxiliary request includes the wording of claim 1 according to the fifth auxiliary request in which the features of granted claim 8 are inserted at [*AR6] marked in claim 1 as granted:

"... and a data transfer port (32) formed in the pad (18), the data transfer port (32) allowing for an external connection to the microcontroller (46) contained within the pad (18)".

VII. The arguments of the appellant can be summarized as follows:

The burden of proof of a public prior enabling disclosure lay with the Respondent. The RAMSES group had to be considered as a limited circle of persons belonging to a formal group in which each member was bound to confidentiality. Even if the representatives of public bodies would have an interest in gaining information for their respective organisations, those public bodies were very often subject to confidentiality; these persons respect the well known code of academics that a person responsible for a publishable development should be the first person to make that publication. The circumstances of the discussions within the RAMSES group indicated an implicit obligation of confidentiality because the group had a formal nature due to issuance of an agenda and distribution of minutes. The members of the group were all people of high standing and shared a common interest. They were all selected and formally invited, and the interest of the group was to encourage everyone to discuss their ideas freely so that the members could be confident that their input into the meetings would not be used against their interests, for example, in such a way that might deprive them of the right to first publication of the results of their research. With respect to all these circumstances it was not proven that the knowledge within the RAMSES group had been made available to the public. A member of the RAMSES group, Dr De Faber, had confirmed in A10 that he understood the meetings were of a confidential nature.

Even if it were assumed that the discussions within the RAMSES group had a public nature, no enabling disclosure of a device had occurred. The term "wireless" used in A4 only indicated that the data transmission from the occlusion patch to the storing device was carried out by any means avoiding wires, such as a transponder, as mentioned in E2, but did not necessarily mean that a memory was integrated into the patch. Therefore the disclosure in A4 did not relate to an apparatus falling within the scope of the claims of the patent in suit.

VIII. The respondent argued that the RAMSES meetings were not of a confidential nature. As can be seen with regard to the minutes of the meetings, they contain many details, but are totally silent on confidentiality. Therefore the discussions and disclosures in attendance of people invited from public organisations have to be considered as having been non-confidential and thus public. The disclosure was such that a skilled person would clearly understand the meaning of a micro-electronic measuring instrument, applied as part of the occlusion patch which was able to record the time during which the patch was applied correctly, and from which the measurement result could be read out. By distribution of A6 together with A5 and its discussion during the meeting on 12 September 1997 according to A7, the disclosure of an eye-patch having the features of claim 1 had been made available to the public.

1. The appeal is admissible.

2. Public prior use (Article 54(2) EPC 1973)

2.1 As regards the RAMSES meetings and the minutes of various meetings of same, the Board concludes that e.g. Dr De Faber (the declarant in A10) is a member of this group, such that the evidence concerning disclosures made within those meetings does not lie exclusively in the hands of the opponents. A standard of evidence which is "up to the hilt" (in the sense of T 472/92) is thus not applicable to the disclosures made in the RAMSES meetings. Instead, while still accepting that the burden of proof indeed lies with opponent, the substantive weight of any evidence supplied by the opponent and any counter evidence supplied by the proprietor must be assessed based on the balance of probabilities.

2.2 In this regard, the evidence filed by the respondent identifies certain attendees of the RAMSES meetings as being persons who are evidently under no obligation to maintain confidential any information disclosed. In particular, Dr Hermans (see e.g. A13), Mrs Lantau and Mr Scheppink (see e.g. A12), are representatives of public bodies or foundations with a clear interest in gaining information for their respective organisations, and who do not - absent any evidence to the contrary - have any common interest restricted only to the members of the RAMSES meetings (see also A8/A9 (items 3 and 5)).

2.3 In A10, Dr De Faber (e.g. items 3 and 8) states why he presumed that certain information was strictly confidential by implication. Novelty is an objective-only assessment (see G 1/92, point 2.1. of the Reasons) and in view of the presence of representatives of public bodies and foundations, this presumption, whilst credible from Dr Faber's subjective viewpoint, is objectively not convincing. Moreover, in view of the statement in A4, according to which "Dr. De Faber has not been authorised to provide any further information on the progress of the group in Wisconsin", during the discussion of the RAMSES group, the Board concludes that any restriction to the dissemination of information was something that needed to be specified within the group. Indeed, this concerns a specific restriction in confidentiality which is the only documented indication that the general information made available to the members of the RAMSES group would be subject to any restriction at all.

2.4 Based on the presence of members of members of the public in these meetings, and absent any specific details (such as invitations or framework details or the like concerning the RAMSES meetings) expressing e.g. special conditions of confidentiality for the members of the group, the presumption of implied confidentiality is concluded to be unfounded.

2.5 Therefore the Board concludes that the information disclosed in the RAMSES meetings was indeed available to the public.

2.6 The question then arises as to "what" the public had access. In A4, item 4, reference is made to "the chip" (rather than merely "a chip") which would be mounted in the occlusion patch itself so that that the system would be "wireless". In view of the quotation marks it needs to be assessed what is the meaning of the term "wireless" in this context, e.g. whether it only tries to avoid a wire connection between the occlusion patch and an external memory as was contended by the appellant, or whether it unambiguously refers to a patch having a chip and is thus self-contained, rather than referring to a transponder-type device.

2.7 In A7 (item 4) reference is made to the "memory capacity of the patches" which indicates that the memory is contained in the occlusion patch. The title of item 4 of the minutes (A7) is "Sub-study on treatment compliance", which relates to the study mentioned in the internal MEMO between Mr. Juttmann and Mr. Simonsz (A6). According to the Agenda for the meeting on 12 September 1997 (A5, item 4) the study would be handed out during the meeting as Addendum 3 and is therefore made available to the members of RAMSES from public bodies. In the introduction (item 1 of the sub-study itself included as part of A6), the following statement is made: "the occlusion dose monitor" (ODS) ... is a microelectronic measuring instrument, applied as part of the occlusion patch, which is able to monitor the difference in temperature between the outside air and the space between the eye and the patch, thus making possible the measurement of the time during which the patch was applied correctly." Item 2 relates to the method to be followed, in which (after sub-item 3) it reads: "After collecting the ODS-patch "reading out" of the measurement results takes place."

2.8 A skilled person presented with this information would unambiguously conclude that this disclosure is enabling to provide a chip in the occlusion patch itself which has the purpose of monitoring and recording the occlusion dose. In this regard it should be noted that at the date of priority, a skilled person had available to him based on his common general knowledge, memories and chips of the appropriate size and capacity for inclusion in an eye patch. Further, the skilled person was already aware of a functioning system for occlusion dose monitoring based on a (larger) portable monitor carried remotely and connected to an eye patch by wires (see e.g. L1).

3. Main request, novelty (Article 54 EPC 1973)

In the light of the knowledge of A4 and A6, the content of which was publicly available, as shown by A7 and A5, the prior disclosure is enabling for a skilled person in a way sufficient to provide all the necessary elements at least in as far as those corresponding to a device as defined in claim 1.

Based on the Board's conclusion that the RAMSES meetings were to be considered non-confidential in nature, and that the written minutes were also non-confidential and available to members of the public, and further that the disclosure in the minutes amounted to an enabling disclosure, the appellant did not contest that any feature of the subject-matter of claim 1 could then be regarded as novel.

4. Auxiliary requests

In relation to the auxiliary requests and in light of the finding of non-confidentiality and enablement regarding the disclosures made during the RAMSES meetings (see item 3 above), the appellant did not present arguments in support of novelty of any specific further feature(s) introduced into claim 1 of any of the auxiliary requests.

4.1 First to fourth auxiliary requestsClaim 1 of each of these requests relates to "a microcontroller", whereby the feature "and including a memory" had been introduced into each of these. In relation to the disclosure of this subject-matter, the appellant referred to independent claim 19 (claim 21 as filed) where a memory in the microcontroller is disclosed. However, claim 19 is an independent claim which relates to a method including a series of particular steps. Taking one feature out of the context in which it is originally disclosed and combining it with features of a different embodiment to thereby form a new combination of features leads in the present case to subject-matter being claimed which is not originally disclosed. Therefore, since the claims of auxiliary requests 1 to 4 have been amended in a manner which is contrary to Article 123(2) EPC), the Board exercised its discretion under Article 13(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the Boards of Appeal (RPBA) not to admit these requests into the proceedings, noting that such requests were - even when considering the requirement of Article 123(2) EPC alone - not clearly allowable. Such introduction would thus not have lead to an allowable set of claims and further consideration of the requests would thus have been contrary at least to the need for procedural economy.

4.2 Fifth auxiliary request

Claim 1 of the fifth auxiliary request was restricted by the features "... wherein the bandage is shaped as an eye patch for use in occlusion therapy, the eye patch further comprising means for attaching the eye patch (12) to the eye area of a patient, wherein the microcontroller contained within the pad has a memory capable of storing information and wherein the sensor coupled to the microcontroller provides a signal to the microcontroller, the signal from the sensor indicating whether the eye patch is attached to the patient".

When compared with the teaching made public during the RAMSES meetings (see point 2.7 above) these added features were unambiguously disclosed in combination with the eye patch discussed in the study, such that the subject-matter of claim 1 does not meet the requirement of novelty (Article 54 EPC 1973). Since, at least for this reason, this request is not clearly allowable, the Board exercised its discretion not to admit the request into the proceedings (Article 13(1) RPBA).

4.3 Sixth auxiliary request

Claim 1 of the sixth auxiliary request was further restricted by the features "... and a data transfer port formed in the pad, the data transfer port allowing for an external connection to the microcontroller contained within the pad". These features were also made public during the RAMSES meetings in combination with the eye patch discussed during the study (see point 2.7 above). It is self-evident that there must be some kind of data transfer port in order to be able to read out the measurement results for them to be of any use. Since this request also does not overcome the objection of lack of novelty (Article 54 EPC 1973) the Board exercised its discretion not to admit the request into the proceedings (Article 13(1) RPBA).

Order

For these reasons it is decided that:

The appeal is dismissed.

Footer - Service & support
  • Service & support
    • Website updates
    • Availability of online services
    • FAQ
    • Publications
    • Procedural communications
    • Contact us
    • Subscription centre
    • Official holidays
    • Glossary
Footer - More links
  • Jobs & careers
  • Press centre
  • Single Access Portal
  • Procurement
  • Boards of Appeal
Facebook
European Patent Office
EPO Jobs
Instagram
EuropeanPatentOffice
Linkedin
European Patent Office
EPO Jobs
EPO Procurement
X (formerly Twitter)
EPOorg
EPOjobs
Youtube
TheEPO
Footer
  • Legal notice
  • Terms of use
  • Data protection and privacy
  • Accessibility