Skip to main content Skip to footer
HomeHome
 
  • Homepage
  • Searching for patents

    Patent knowledge

    Access our patent databases and search tools.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Technical information
      • Overview
      • Espacenet - patent search
      • European Publication Server
      • EP full-text search
    • Legal information
      • Overview
      • European Patent Register
      • European Patent Bulletin
      • European Case Law Identifier sitemap
      • Third-party observations
    • Business information
      • Overview
      • PATSTAT
      • IPscore
      • Technology insight reports
    • Data
      • Overview
      • Technology Intelligence Platform
      • Linked open EP data
      • Bulk data sets
      • Web services
      • Coverage, codes and statistics
    • Technology platforms
      • Overview
      • Plastics in transition
      • Water innovation
      • Space innovation
      • Technologies combatting cancer
      • Firefighting technologies
      • Clean energy technologies
      • Fighting coronavirus
    • Helpful resources
      • Overview
      • First time here?
      • Asian patent information
      • Patent information centres
      • Patent Translate
      • Patent Knowledge News
      • Business and statistics
      • Unitary Patent information in patent knowledge
    Image
    Plastics in Transition

    Technology insight report on plastic waste management

  • Applying for a patent

    Applying for a patent

    Practical information on filing and grant procedures.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • European route
      • Overview
      • European Patent Guide
      • Oppositions
      • Oral proceedings
      • Appeals
      • Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court
      • National validation
      • Request for extension/validation
    • International route (PCT)
      • Overview
      • Euro-PCT Guide – PCT procedure at the EPO
      • EPO decisions and notices
      • PCT provisions and resources
      • Extension/validation request
      • Reinforced partnership programme
      • Accelerating your PCT application
      • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
      • Training and events
    • National route
    • Find a professional representative
    • MyEPO services
      • Overview
      • Understand our services
      • Get access
      • File with us
      • Interact with us on your files
      • Online Filing & fee payment outages
    • Forms
      • Overview
      • Request for examination
    • Fees
      • Overview
      • European fees (EPC)
      • International fees (PCT)
      • Unitary Patent fees (UP)
      • Fee payment and refunds
      • Warning

    UP

    Find out how the Unitary Patent can enhance your IP strategy

  • Law & practice

    Law & practice

    European patent law, the Official Journal and other legal texts.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Legal texts
      • Overview
      • European Patent Convention
      • Official Journal
      • Guidelines
      • Extension / validation system
      • London Agreement
      • National law relating to the EPC
      • Unitary patent system
      • National measures relating to the Unitary Patent
    • Court practices
      • Overview
      • European Patent Judges' Symposium
    • User consultations
      • Overview
      • Ongoing consultations
      • Completed consultations
    • Substantive patent law harmonisation
      • Overview
      • The Tegernsee process
      • Group B+
    • Convergence of practice
    • Options for professional representatives
    Image
    Law and practice scales 720x237

    Keep up with key aspects of selected BoA decisions with our monthly "Abstracts of decisions”

  • News & events

    News & events

    Our latest news, podcasts and events, including the European Inventor Award.

    Go to overview 

     

    • Overview
    • News
    • Events
    • European Inventor Award
      • Overview
      • About the award
      • Categories and prizes
      • Meet the finalists
      • Nominations
      • European Inventor Network
      • The 2024 event
    • Young Inventors Prize
      • Overview
      • About the prize
      • Nominations
      • The jury
      • The world, reimagined
      • The 2025 event
    • Press centre
      • Overview
      • Patent Index and statistics
      • Search in press centre
      • Background information
      • Copyright
      • Press contacts
      • Call back form
      • Email alert service
    • Innovation and patenting in focus
      • Overview
      • Water-related technologies
      • CodeFest
      • Green tech in focus
      • Research institutes
      • Women inventors
      • Lifestyle
      • Space and satellites
      • The future of medicine
      • Materials science
      • Mobile communications
      • Biotechnology
      • Patent classification
      • Digital technologies
      • The future of manufacturing
      • Books by EPO experts
    • "Talk innovation" podcast

    Podcast

    From ideas to inventions: tune into our podcast for the latest in tech and IP

  • Learning

    Learning

    The European Patent Academy – the point of access to your learning

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Learning activities and paths
      • Overview
      • Learning activities
      • Learning paths
    • EQE and EPAC
      • Overview
      • EQE - European qualifying examination
      • EPAC - European patent administration certification
      • CSP – Candidate Support Programme
    • Learning resources by area of interest
      • Overview
      • Patent granting
      • Technology transfer and dissemination
      • Patent enforcement and litigation
    • Learning resources by profile
      • Overview
      • Business and IP managers
      • EQE and EPAC Candidates
      • Judges, lawyers and prosecutors
      • National offices and IP authorities
      • Patent attorneys and paralegals
      • Universities, research centres and technology transfer centres (TTOs)
    Image
    Patent Academy catalogue

    Have a look at the extensive range of learning opportunities in the European Patent Academy training catalogue

  • About us

    About us

    Find out more about our work, values, history and vision

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • The EPO at a glance
    • 50 years of the EPC
      • Overview
      • Official celebrations
      • Member states’ video statements
      • 50 Leading Tech Voices
      • Athens Marathon
      • Kids’ collaborative art competition
    • Legal foundations and member states
      • Overview
      • Legal foundations
      • Member states of the European Patent Organisation
      • Extension states
      • Validation states
    • Administrative Council and subsidiary bodies
      • Overview
      • Communiqués
      • Calendar
      • Documents and publications
      • Administrative Council
    • Principles & strategy
      • Overview
      • Our mission, vision, values and corporate policy
      • Strategic Plan 2028
      • Towards a New Normal
    • Leadership & management
      • Overview
      • President António Campinos
      • Management Advisory Committee
    • Sustainability at the EPO
      • Overview
      • Environmental
      • Social
      • Governance and Financial sustainability
    • Services & activities
      • Overview
      • Our services & structure
      • Quality
      • Consulting our users
      • European and international co-operation
      • European Patent Academy
      • Chief Economist
      • Ombuds Office
      • Reporting wrongdoing
    • Observatory on Patents and Technology
      • Overview
      • Technologies
      • Innovation actors
      • Policy and funding
      • Tools
      • About the Observatory
    • Procurement
      • Overview
      • Procurement forecast
      • Doing business with the EPO
      • Procurement procedures
      • Sustainable Procurement Policy
      • About eTendering and electronic signatures
      • Procurement portal
      • Invoicing
      • General conditions
      • Archived tenders
    • Transparency portal
      • Overview
      • General
      • Human
      • Environmental
      • Organisational
      • Social and relational
      • Economic
      • Governance
    • Statistics and trends
      • Overview
      • Statistics & Trends Centre
      • Patent Index 2024
      • EPO Data Hub
      • Clarification on data sources
    • History
      • Overview
      • 1970s
      • 1980s
      • 1990s
      • 2000s
      • 2010s
      • 2020s
    • Art collection
      • Overview
      • The collection
      • Let's talk about art
      • Artists
      • Media library
      • What's on
      • Publications
      • Contact
      • Culture Space A&T 5-10
      • "Long Night"
    Image
    Patent Index 2024 keyvisual showing brightly lit up data chip, tinted in purple, bright blue

    Track the latest tech trends with our Patent Index

 
en de fr
  • Language selection
  • English
  • Deutsch
  • Français
Main navigation
  • Homepage
    • Go back
    • New to patents
  • New to patents
    • Go back
    • Your business and patents
    • Why do we have patents?
    • What's your big idea?
    • Are you ready?
    • What to expect
    • How to apply for a patent
    • Is it patentable?
    • Are you first?
    • Patent quiz
    • Unitary patent video
  • Searching for patents
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Technical information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Espacenet - patent search
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • National patent office databases
        • Global Patent Index (GPI)
        • Release notes
      • European Publication Server
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes
        • Cross-reference index for Euro-PCT applications
        • EP authority file
        • Help
      • EP full-text search
    • Legal information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Register
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes archive
        • Register documentation
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Deep link data coverage
          • Federated Register
          • Register events
      • European Patent Bulletin
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Download Bulletin
        • EP Bulletin search
        • Help
      • European Case Law Identifier sitemap
      • Third-party observations
    • Business information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • PATSTAT
      • IPscore
        • Go back
        • Release notes
      • Technology insight reports
    • Data
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technology Intelligence Platform
      • Linked open EP data
      • Bulk data sets
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Manuals
        • Sequence listings
        • National full-text data
        • European Patent Register data
        • EPO worldwide bibliographic data (DOCDB)
        • EP full-text data
        • EPO worldwide legal event data (INPADOC)
        • EP bibliographic data (EBD)
        • Boards of Appeal decisions
      • Web services
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Open Patent Services (OPS)
        • European Publication Server web service
      • Coverage, codes and statistics
        • Go back
        • Weekly updates
        • Updated regularly
    • Technology platforms
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Plastics in transition
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Plastics waste recovery
        • Plastics waste recycling
        • Alternative plastics
      • Innovation in water technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Clean water
        • Protection from water
      • Space innovation
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Cosmonautics
        • Space observation
      • Technologies combatting cancer
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Prevention and early detection
        • Diagnostics
        • Therapies
        • Wellbeing and aftercare
      • Firefighting technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Detection and prevention of fires
        • Fire extinguishing
        • Protective equipment
        • Post-fire restoration
      • Clean energy technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Renewable energy
        • Carbon-intensive industries
        • Energy storage and other enabling technologies
      • Fighting coronavirus
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Vaccines and therapeutics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Vaccines
          • Overview of candidate therapies for COVID-19
          • Candidate antiviral and symptomatic therapeutics
          • Nucleic acids and antibodies to fight coronavirus
        • Diagnostics and analytics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Protein and nucleic acid assays
          • Analytical protocols
        • Informatics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Bioinformatics
          • Healthcare informatics
        • Technologies for the new normal
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Devices, materials and equipment
          • Procedures, actions and activities
          • Digital technologies
        • Inventors against coronavirus
    • Helpful resources
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • First time here?
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Basic definitions
        • Patent classification
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)
        • Patent families
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • DOCDB simple patent family
          • INPADOC extended patent family
        • Legal event data
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • INPADOC classification scheme
      • Asian patent information
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • China (CN)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Chinese Taipei (TW)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • India (IN)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
        • Japan (JP)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Korea (KR)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Russian Federation (RU)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Numbering system
          • Searching in databases
        • Useful links
      • Patent information centres (PATLIB)
      • Patent Translate
      • Patent Knowledge News
      • Business and statistics
      • Unitary Patent information in patent knowledge
  • Applying for a patent
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • European route
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Guide
      • Oppositions
      • Oral proceedings
        • Go back
        • Oral proceedings calendar
          • Go back
          • Calendar
          • Public access to appeal proceedings
          • Public access to opposition proceedings
          • Technical guidelines
      • Appeals
      • Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Unitary Patent
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Legal framework
          • Main features
          • Applying for a Unitary Patent
          • Cost of a Unitary Patent
          • Translation and compensation
          • Start date
          • Introductory brochures
        • Unified Patent Court
      • National validation
      • Extension/validation request
    • International route
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Euro-PCT Guide
      • Entry into the European phase
      • Decisions and notices
      • PCT provisions and resources
      • Extension/validation request
      • Reinforced partnership programme
      • Accelerating your PCT application
      • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
        • Go back
        • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) programme outline
      • Training and events
    • National route
    • MyEPO services
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Understand our services
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Exchange data with us using an API
          • Go back
          • Release notes
      • Get access
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes
      • File with us
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • What if our online filing services are down?
        • Release notes
      • Interact with us on your files
        • Go back
        • Release notes
      • Online Filing & fee payment outages
    • Fees
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European fees (EPC)
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Decisions and notices
      • International fees (PCT)
        • Go back
        • Reduction in fees
        • Fees for international applications
        • Decisions and notices
        • Overview
      • Unitary Patent fees (UP)
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Decisions and notices
      • Fee payment and refunds
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Payment methods
        • Getting started
        • FAQs and other documentation
        • Technical information for batch payments
        • Decisions and notices
        • Release notes
      • Warning
    • Forms
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Request for examination
    • Find a professional representative
  • Law & practice
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Legal texts
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Convention
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Archive
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Documentation on the EPC revision 2000
            • Go back
            • Overview
            • Diplomatic Conference for the revision of the EPC
            • Travaux préparatoires
            • New text
            • Transitional provisions
            • Implementing regulations to the EPC 2000
            • Rules relating to Fees
            • Ratifications and accessions
          • Travaux Préparatoires EPC 1973
      • Official Journal
      • Guidelines
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • EPC Guidelines
        • PCT-EPO Guidelines
        • Unitary Patent Guidelines
        • Guidelines revision cycle
        • Consultation results
        • Summary of user responses
        • Archive
      • Extension / validation system
      • London Agreement
      • National law relating to the EPC
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Archive
      • Unitary Patent system
        • Go back
        • Travaux préparatoires to UP and UPC
      • National measures relating to the Unitary Patent 
    • Court practices
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Judges' Symposium
    • User consultations
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Ongoing consultations
      • Completed consultations
    • Substantive patent law harmonisation
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The Tegernsee process
      • Group B+
    • Convergence of practice
    • Options for professional representatives
  • News & events
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • News
    • Events
    • European Inventor Award
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the award
      • Categories and prizes
      • Meet the inventors
      • Nominations
      • European Inventor Network
        • Go back
        • 2024 activities
        • 2025 activities
        • Rules and criteria
        • FAQ
      • The 2024 event
    • Young Inventors Prize
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the prize
      • Nominations
      • The jury
      • The world, reimagined
      • The 2025 event
    • Press centre
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent Index and statistics
      • Search in press centre
      • Background information
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • European Patent Office
        • Q&A on patents related to coronavirus
        • Q&A on plant patents
      • Copyright
      • Press contacts
      • Call back form
      • Email alert service
    • In focus
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Water-related technologies
      • CodeFest
        • Go back
        • CodeFest Spring 2025 on classifying patent data for sustainable development
        • Overview
        • CodeFest 2024 on generative AI
        • CodeFest 2023 on Green Plastics
      • Green tech in focus
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About green tech
        • Renewable energies
        • Energy transition technologies
        • Building a greener future
      • Research institutes
      • Women inventors
      • Lifestyle
      • Space and satellites
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Patents and space technologies
      • Healthcare
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Medical technologies and cancer
        • Personalised medicine
      • Materials science
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Nanotechnology
      • Mobile communications
      • Biotechnology
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Red, white or green
        • The role of the EPO
        • What is patentable?
        • Biotech inventors
      • Classification
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Nanotechnology
        • Climate change mitigation technologies
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • External partners
          • Updates on Y02 and Y04S
      • Digital technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About ICT
        • Hardware and software
        • Artificial intelligence
        • Fourth Industrial Revolution
      • Additive manufacturing
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About AM
        • AM innovation
      • Books by EPO experts
    • Podcast
  • Learning
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Learning activities and paths
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Learning activities: types and formats
      • Learning paths
    • EQE and EPAC
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • EQE - European Qualifying Examination
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Compendium
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Paper F
          • Paper A
          • Paper B
          • Paper C
          • Paper D
          • Pre-examination
        • Candidates successful in the European qualifying examination
        • Archive
      • EPAC - European patent administration certification
      • CSP – Candidate Support Programme
    • Learning resources by area of interest
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent granting
      • Technology transfer and dissemination
      • Patent enforcement and litigation
    • Learning resources by profile
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Business and IP managers
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Innovation case studies
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • SME case studies
          • Technology transfer case studies
          • High-growth technology case studies
        • Inventor's handbook
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Introduction
          • Disclosure and confidentiality
          • Novelty and prior art
          • Competition and market potential
          • Assessing the risk ahead
          • Proving the invention
          • Protecting your idea
          • Building a team and seeking funding
          • Business planning
          • Finding and approaching companies
          • Dealing with companies
        • Best of search matters
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Tools and databases
          • EPO procedures and initiatives
          • Search strategies
          • Challenges and specific topics
        • Support for high-growth technology businesses
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Business decision-makers
          • IP professionals
          • Stakeholders of the Innovation Ecosystem
      • EQE and EPAC Candidates
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Paper F brain-teasers
        • Daily D questions
        • European qualifying examination - Guide for preparation
        • EPAC
      • Judges, lawyers and prosecutors
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Compulsory licensing in Europe
        • The jurisdiction of European courts in patent disputes
      • National offices and IP authorities
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Learning material for examiners of national officers
        • Learning material for formalities officers and paralegals
      • Patent attorneys and paralegals
      • Universities, research centres and TTOs
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Modular IP Education Framework (MIPEF)
        • Pan-European Seal Young Professionals Programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • For students
          • For universities
            • Go back
            • Overview
            • IP education resources
            • University memberships
          • Our young professionals
          • Professional development plan
        • Academic Research Programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Completed research projects
          • Current research projects
        • IP Teaching Kit
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Download modules
        • Intellectual property course design manual
        • PATLIB Knowledge Transfer to Africa
          • Go back
          • Core activities
          • Stories and insights
  • About us
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • The EPO at a glance
    • 50 years of the EPC
      • Go back
      • Official celebrations
      • Overview
      • Member states’ video statements
        • Go back
        • Albania
        • Austria
        • Belgium
        • Bulgaria
        • Croatia
        • Cyprus
        • Czech Republic
        • Denmark
        • Estonia
        • Finland
        • France
        • Germany
        • Greece
        • Hungary
        • Iceland
        • Ireland
        • Italy
        • Latvia
        • Liechtenstein
        • Lithuania
        • Luxembourg
        • Malta
        • Monaco
        • Montenegro
        • Netherlands
        • North Macedonia
        • Norway
        • Poland
        • Portugal
        • Romania
        • San Marino
        • Serbia
        • Slovakia
        • Slovenia
        • Spain
        • Sweden
        • Switzerland
        • Türkiye
        • United Kingdom
      • 50 Leading Tech Voices
      • Athens Marathon
      • Kids’ collaborative art competition
    • Legal foundations and member states
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Legal foundations
      • Member states
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Member states by date of accession
      • Extension states
      • Validation states
    • Administrative Council and subsidiary bodies
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Communiqués
        • Go back
        • 2024
        • Overview
        • 2023
        • 2022
        • 2021
        • 2020
        • 2019
        • 2018
        • 2017
        • 2016
        • 2015
        • 2014
        • 2013
      • Calendar
      • Documents and publications
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Select Committee documents
      • Administrative Council
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Composition
        • Representatives
        • Rules of Procedure
        • Board of Auditors
        • Secretariat
        • Council bodies
    • Principles & strategy
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Mission, vision, values & corporate policy
      • Strategic Plan 2028
        • Go back
        • Driver 1: People
        • Driver 2: Technologies
        • Driver 3: High-quality, timely products and services
        • Driver 4: Partnerships
        • Driver 5: Financial sustainability
      • Towards a New Normal
      • Data protection & privacy notice
    • Leadership & management
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the President
      • Management Advisory Committee
    • Sustainability at the EPO
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Environmental
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Inspiring environmental inventions
      • Social
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Inspiring social inventions
      • Governance and Financial sustainability
    • Procurement
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Procurement forecast
      • Doing business with the EPO
      • Procurement procedures
      • Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS) publications
      • Sustainable Procurement Policy
      • About eTendering
      • Invoicing
      • Procurement portal
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • e-Signing contracts
      • General conditions
      • Archived tenders
    • Services & activities
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Our services & structure
      • Quality
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Foundations
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • European Patent Convention
          • Guidelines for examination
          • Our staff
        • Enabling quality
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Prior art
          • Classification
          • Tools
          • Processes
        • Products & services
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Search
          • Examination
          • Opposition
          • Continuous improvement
        • Quality through networking
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • User engagement
          • Co-operation
          • User satisfaction survey
          • Stakeholder Quality Assurance Panels
        • Patent Quality Charter
        • Quality Action Plan
        • Quality dashboard
        • Statistics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Search
          • Examination
          • Opposition
        • Integrated management at the EPO
      • Consulting our users
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Standing Advisory Committee before the EPO (SACEPO)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Objectives
          • SACEPO and its working parties
          • Meetings
          • Single Access Portal – SACEPO Area
        • Surveys
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Detailed methodology
          • Search services
          • Examination services, final actions and publication
          • Opposition services
          • Formalities services
          • Customer services
          • Filing services
          • Key Account Management (KAM)
          • Website
          • Archive
      • Our user service charter
      • European and international co-operation
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Co-operation with member states
          • Go back
          • Overview
        • Bilateral co-operation with non-member states
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Validation system
          • Reinforced Partnership programme
        • Multilateral international co-operation with IP offices and organisations
        • Co-operation with international organisations outside the IP system
      • European Patent Academy
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Partners
      • Chief Economist
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Economic studies
      • Ombuds Office
      • Reporting wrongdoing
    • Observatory on Patents and Technology
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Innovation against cancer
        • Assistive robotics
        • Space technologies
      • Innovation actors
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Startups and SMEs
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Publications
        • Research universities and public research organisations
      • Policy and funding
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Financing innovation programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Our studies on the financing of innovation
          • EPO initiatives for patent applicants
          • Financial support for innovators in Europe
        • Patents and standards
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Publications
          • Patent standards explorer
      • Tools
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Deep Tech Finder
      • About the Observatory
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Work plan
    • Transparency portal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • General
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Annual Review 2023
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Foreword
          • Executive summary
          • 50 years of the EPC
          • Strategic key performance indicators
          • Goal 1: Engaged and empowered
          • Goal 2: Digital transformation
          • Goal 3: Master quality
          • Goal 4: Partner for positive impact
          • Goal 5: Secure sustainability
        • Annual Review 2022
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Foreword
          • Executive summary
          • Goal 1: Engaged and empowered
          • Goal 2: Digital transformation
          • Goal 3: Master quality
          • Goal 4: Partner for positive impact
          • Goal 5: Secure sustainability
      • Human
      • Environmental
      • Organisational
      • Social and relational
      • Economic
      • Governance
    • Statistics and trends
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Statistics & Trends Centre
      • Patent Index 2024
        • Go back
        • Insight into computer technology and AI
        • Insight into clean energy technologies
        • Statistics and indicators
          • Go back
          • European patent applications
            • Go back
            • Key trend
            • Origin
            • Top 10 technical fields
              • Go back
              • Computer technology
              • Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy
              • Digital communication
              • Medical technology
              • Transport
              • Measurement
              • Biotechnology
              • Pharmaceuticals
              • Other special machines
              • Organic fine chemistry
            • All technical fields
          • Applicants
            • Go back
            • Top 50
            • Categories
            • Women inventors
          • Granted patents
            • Go back
            • Key trend
            • Origin
            • Designations
      • Data to download
      • EPO Data Hub
      • Clarification on data sources
    • History
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • 1970s
      • 1980s
      • 1990s
      • 2000s
      • 2010s
      • 2020s
    • Art collection
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The collection
      • Let's talk about art
      • Artists
      • Media library
      • What's on
      • Publications
      • Contact
      • Culture Space A&T 5-10
        • Go back
        • Catalyst lab & Deep vision
          • Go back
          • Irene Sauter (DE)
          • AVPD (DK)
          • Jan Robert Leegte (NL)
          • Jānis Dzirnieks (LV) #1
          • Jānis Dzirnieks (LV) #2
          • Péter Szalay (HU)
          • Thomas Feuerstein (AT)
          • Tom Burr (US)
          • Wolfgang Tillmans (DE)
          • TerraPort
          • Unfinished Sculpture - Captives #1
          • Deep vision – immersive exhibition
          • Previous exhibitions
        • The European Patent Journey
        • Sustaining life. Art in the climate emergency
        • Next generation statements
        • Open storage
        • Cosmic bar
      • "Long Night"
  • Boards of Appeal
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Decisions of the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Recent decisions
      • Selected decisions
    • Information from the Boards of Appeal
    • Procedure
    • Oral proceedings
    • About the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • President of the Boards of Appeal
      • Enlarged Board of Appeal
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Pending referrals (Art. 112 EPC)
        • Decisions sorted by number (Art. 112 EPC)
        • Pending petitions for review (Art. 112a EPC)
        • Decisions on petitions for review (Art. 112a EPC)
      • Technical Boards of Appeal
      • Legal Board of Appeal
      • Disciplinary Board of Appeal
      • Presidium
        • Go back
        • Overview
    • Code of Conduct
    • Business distribution scheme
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technical boards of appeal by IPC in 2025
      • Archive
    • Annual list of cases
    • Communications
    • Annual reports
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • Publications
      • Go back
      • Abstracts of decisions
    • Case Law of the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Archive
  • Service & support
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Website updates
    • Availability of online services
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • FAQ
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • Publications
    • Ordering
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent Knowledge Products and Services
      • Terms and conditions
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Patent information products
        • Bulk data sets
        • Open Patent Services (OPS)
        • Fair use charter
    • Procedural communications
    • Useful links
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent offices of member states
      • Other patent offices
      • Directories of patent attorneys
      • Patent databases, registers and gazettes
      • Disclaimer
    • Contact us
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Filing options
      • Locations
    • Subscription centre
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Subscribe
      • Change preferences
      • Unsubscribe
    • Official holidays
    • Glossary
    • RSS feeds
Board of Appeals
Decisions

Recent decisions

Overview
  • 2025 decisions
  • 2024 decisions
  • 2023 decisions
  1. Home
  2. T 1095/99 (Grain size/EASTMAN) 08-05-2003
Facebook X Linkedin Email

T 1095/99 (Grain size/EASTMAN) 08-05-2003

European Case Law Identifier
ECLI:EP:BA:2003:T109599.20030508
Date of decision
08 May 2003
Case number
T 1095/99
Petition for review of
-
Application number
94401217.8
IPC class
G03C 1/498
Language of proceedings
EN
Distribution
DISTRIBUTED TO BOARD CHAIRMEN (C)

Download and more information:

Decision in EN 797.34 KB
Documentation of the appeal procedure can be found in the European Patent Register
Bibliographic information is available in:
EN
Versions
Unpublished
Application title

Infrared sensitized, photothermographic article

Applicant name
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Opponent name
Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
Board
3.3.06
Headnote
-
Relevant legal provisions
European Patent Convention Art 54(1) 1973
European Patent Convention Art 56 1973
Keywords

Novelty (yes) - implicit disclosure not proven

Inventive step (yes) - ex post facto analysis inadmissible

Catchword
-
Cited decisions
T 0939/92
G 0001/92
Citing decisions
-

I. This appeal is against the interlocutory decision of the Opposition Division concerning maintenance of European patent No. 0 627 660 in amended form, said patent relating to an infrared sensitized, photothermographic article.

II. The patent as amended contained a set of 10 claims of which independent claims 1 and 9 read as follows:

"1. An infrared sensitized photothermographic silver halide element comprising a support layer having on at least one surface thereof a photothermographic composition comprising a binder, a light insensitive silver source, a reducing agent for silver ion and infrared radiation sensitive preformed silver halide grains having number average particle size of =<0.088 µm with at least 80% of all grains with ±0.05 µm of the average, in combination with an antihalation layer having an absorbance ratio of IR absorbance (before exposure)/visible absorbance (after processing) > 30, and an IR absorbance of at least 0.3 within the range of 750-1400 and an optical density of less than 0.03 in the visible region."

"9. A process for the exposure of an ultraviolet radiation sensitive imageable medium comprising the steps of:

a) exposing the element of claim 1 to infrared radiation to which said silver halide grains are sensitive to generate a latent image,

b) heating said element after exposure to develop said latent image to a visible image,

c) positioning the element with a visible image thereon between an ultraviolet radiation energy source and a ultraviolet radiation photosensitive imageable medium, and

d) exposing said imageable medium to ultraviolet radiation through said visible image, absorbing ultraviolet radiation in the areas where there is a visible image and transmitting ultraviolet radiation where there is no visible image."

Claim 1 differed from Claim 1 as granted only insofar as the number average particle size of the silver halide grains is required to be =<0.088 µm instead of lower than 0.10 µm.

The dependent claims can be summarized as follows:

Dependent claim 2 was directed to supersensitizers, dependent claim 3 to the antihalation layer. Dependent claims 4 to 6 concerned the particle size, dependent claim 7 the optical density, dependent claim 8 a transparent organic polymeric layer. Dependent claim 10 concerned the infrared laser.

III. The notice of opposition was based on lack of novelty and inventive step (Articles 100(a), 54, 56 EPC). The opposition was based, inter alia, on the following documents:

(1) English translation of JP-A-4 182 640 and the Japanese document,

(2) English translation of "Preparation of Photosensitive Silver Halide Grains in Organic Solvents" by K. Kagami, 17th Symposium on Investigations of Heat Developable Salt-Containing Recording Systems, 29 May 1987,

(6) US-A 4 725 534,

(7) T. H. James, "The Theory of the Photographic Process", 4th edn., 1977, 584-585.

A third party filed, inter alia, the following documents under Article 115 EPC:

(10) Donald H. Klosterboer, "Thermally Processed Silver Systems", "Imaging Processed Materials", Neblett's 8th edn., 1989, Chapter 9, 279-291,

(12) GB-A-1 565 593 and

(13) Declaration by Hans Strijkers, 16 February 1999.

IV. In its decision the Opposition Division held that the subject-matter as defined in the set of 10 Claims submitted as the main request (claims as granted) was novel but did not involve an inventive step (Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC). The Opposition Division found however that the subject-matter of claims 1 to 10 as amended according to the first auxiliary request met the requirements of the EPC.

V. The appellant (opponent) lodged an appeal against this decision; its arguments are summarized as follows:

V.1 Example 1 of document (1) describes a silver halide grain which inherently has a number average particle size of =< 0.88 µm. This is corroborated by the teaching of documents (2) and (6) which are not relied upon as prior art teaching but as evidence of what the skilled person would immediately have understood from document (1) itself. According to document (6) the particle size of the photosensitive silver halide particles depends on the amount of the particle size-controlling agent (column 8, lines 24 to 26), which may be sodium bromide. Hence sodium bromide, used in example 1 of document (1), acts as a particle size-controlling agent. The amount of the grain size-controlling agent has a strong influence on the grain size distribution (document (2), page 10, lines 4 to 6 and figure 4). Taking into account the amount of sodium bromide specified in example 1 of document (1) and using the graph of figure 4 of document (2), the grain size of the resulting silver halide particles, as proven by the calculation submitted in the notice of opposition (page 5, paragraph 7), meets the size requirements defined in Claim 1. Further, according to document (2) such an amount of sodium bromide does not impair the grain size distribution (page 10, lines 4 to 6), which would implicitly be understood by a skilled person as being a hint to a narrow distribution.

Irrespective of whether or not particular reasons can be identified for analysing the composition, a chemical product is state of the art when available as such to the public (G 1/92).

V.2 The properties of the claimed material are not surprising since document (7) teaches that a small size of preformed silver halide grains leads to a low haze (page 584, figure 20.11) and document (10) that 0.01 µm size grains lead to a very high speed, a low contrast and a low maximum optical density (page 282, right-hand column, item 3).

As regards the dyes used in the antihalation layer the visible absorbance ratio of 30:1, as required by Claim 1 of the patent in suit, is not achieved by several dyes of the patent in suit. This would not be in conformity with T 939/92.

According to the declaration by Hans Strijkers (see document (13)) the dyes disclosed by document (9) satisfy the requirements of the visible absorbance of 30. : 1 as defined in Claim 1. Such dyes are also used in the photosensitive members according to document (1) and thus the skilled person would necessarily arrive at the subject-matter of Claim 1 of the patent in suit.

Further, taking into account the teaching of documents (7) and (10), the combination of the teaching of documents (9) and (12) leads also to the claimed invention.

The appellant concluded that the subject-matter of claim 1 was lacking an inventive step.

VI. The respondent (proprietor) refuted the arguments of the appellant, inter alia, as follows:

Under EPO practice, it is not allowed to combine documents for an objection against novelty. The teaching of documents (2) and (6) in combination with the disclosure of document (1) is not apt to prove lack of novelty of the claimed subject-matter.

The properties obtained by the photothermographic silver halide elements according to the patent in suit have been convincingly shown in the examples of the patent in suit and are sufficient to substantiate inventive step.

VII. The appellant requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and the patent be revoked.

The respondent requested that the appeal be dismissed.

VIII. Oral proceedings scheduled for 8 May 2003 were cancelled since the appellant withdrew its request for oral proceedings under cover of its letter dated 18. March 2003 and the respondent had not requested such proceedings.

1. Novelty

1.1. Claim 1

1.1.1. Claim 1 relates to an infrared sensitized photothermographic silver halide element comprising a support layer having, inter alia, infrared radiation sensitive preformed silver halide grains having number average particle size of =<0.088 µm with at least 80% of all grains with ±0.05 µm of the average, in combination with an antihalation layer having an absorbance ratio of IR absorbance (before exposure)/visible absorbance (after processing) > 30, and an IR absorbance of at least 0.3 within the range of 750-1400 nm and an optical density of less than 0.03 in the visible region.

1.1.2. The appellant cited documents (2) and (6) as evidence that a grain size falling within the claimed range would automatically be obtained in the photothermographic silver halide element of example 1 of document (1). Relying on G 1/92, its arguments were based on an inherent disclosure of the particle size of =< 0.088 µm with at least 80% of all grains within ±0.05 µm.

1.1.3. "The chemical composition of a product is state of the art when the product as such is available to the public and can be analysed and reproduced by the skilled person, irrespective of whether particular reasons can be identified for analysing the composition" (G 1/92, OJ EPO 1993, 277, Conclusion 1). "Where it is possible for the skilled person to discover the composition or the internal structure of the product and to reproduce it without undue burden, then both the product and its composition or internal structure become state of the art." (G 1/92, reasons, 1.4, last sentence).

Document (1) disclosed the use of 0.4 g of silver bromide solid (example 1, page 16, last line) which is a solid of silver bromide-polyvinylbutyral containing stearic acid, i.e. the silver halide and the organic silver salt (silver stearate) are separately formed or "preformed" in a binder ("ex-situ" formation). This mode of processing was identical to that one of the patent in suit (page 8, lines 35 and 36). As regards the feature "preformed" the Board thus does not see any difference between the products according to document (1) and those according to Claim 1.

Since the grain size was not explicitly disclosed by document (1) the appellant referred to documents (6) and (2). Document (6) taught that "the particle size of the photosensitive silver halide particle depends on the amount of the particle size-controlling agent..." (column 8, lines 24 to 26). Document (2) described the grain size control of silver bromide grains in chapter 5.

"When a silver salt of fatty acid (document (1): silver stearate) is reacted with NBS (document (1): N-bromosuccinimide) in the presence of a catalytic amount of cations, the grain size of the resulting silver halide grains decreases in proportion to the amount of the cations used" (document (2), page 9, lines 17 to 20).

According to a calculation based on example 1 of document (1) made by the appellant during the opposition procedure in its letter dated 11 September 1997 (table on page 5), the catalytic amount of sodium cations was 0.22 mol% which according to an extrapolation on the graph of figure 4 of document (2) (page 10) led to a grain size of ca. 0.08 µm.

However it was known that "the physical properties (such as particle form and particle size) of the photosensitive silver halide produced...may be controlled by a conventional controlling technique by varying the addition rate of the halogenating agent, aging time, temperature and stirring speed." (document 6, column 8, lines 8 to 13). The Board finds that in absence of any proof showing that the controlling technique was the same in documents (1) and (2), no reliable conclusion on the size of the halide grains and their distribution obtained according to the technique according to document (1) can be drawn since deliberate choices such as the addition rate of the halogenating agent or aging time or temperature had to be made and these choices influence the characteristics of the infrared sensitized photothermographic silver halide element. Since the specific measures have not been made available to the public, the Board concludes that neither the product nor its composition or its structure were made available to the public before the priority date of the patent in suit. Hence decision G 1/92, cited by the appellant, is not applicable to the present case.

It follows that claim 1 meets the requirements of Articles 52(1) and 54(1) EPC.

1.2. Claim 9

Claim 9 concerns the process for the exposure of an ultraviolet radiation sensitive imageable medium comprising, inter alia, the steps of:

(a) exposing the element of claim 1 to infrared radiation to which said silver halide grains are sensitive to generate a latent image,

(b) heating said element after exposure to develop said latent image to a visible image.

Since the process comprises the exposure of the element of Claim 1, which is novel, the process of Claim 9 is also novel.

It follows that Claim 9 meets the requirements of Articles 52(1) and 54(1) EPC.

2. Inventive step

2.1. Claim 1 relates to an infrared sensitized photothermographic silver halide element comprising a support layer having on at least one surface thereof a photothermographic composition comprising a binder, a light insensitive silver source, a reducing agent for silver ion and infrared radiation sensitive preformed silver halide grains having number average particle size of =<0.088 µm with at least 80% of all grains with ±0.05 µm of the average, in combination with an antihalation layer having an absorbance ratio of IR absorbance (before exposure/visible absorbance (after processing) > 30, and an IR absorbance of at least 0.3 within the range of 750-1400 nm and an optical density of less than 0.03 in the visible region.

2.2. The patent in suit addressed the problem of enhancing the infrared sensitivity of a photothermographic article. The objective was to obtain high speed, high Dmax, high efficiency, low Dmin and low haze material as well as excellent image sharpness (page 3, lines 28 to 35).

The objective of document (1) relating to a dry process silver salt photosensitive member was to provide a photosensitive member having, inter alia, a halation preventing effect caused by the absorption effect of indolenine-based pigment, high sensitivity in the infrared region and distinguished sharpness (page 5, lines 14 to 20).

2.3. The Opposition Division took document (1) as the starting point for evaluating inventive step. The Board does not see any reason to deviate from this starting point since sharpness and sensitivity were common goals of both the patent in suit and document (1).

2.4. Hence, the problem underlying the patent in suit can be defined as the provision of an infrared photothermographic element having high Dmax, high efficiency, low Dmin, high contrast and low haze material.

2.4.1. With respect to the dye S-1 used in examples 1 and 2 the appellant objected that the requirements of Claim 1 were not met, or, in other words, that the problem defined under point 2.4 was not solved. The patent in suit stated that the dye S-1 failed to achieve the IR/visible absorbance ratio of 30:1 (page 14, line 26). The appellant argued further that no substantial difference may be acknowledged between a silver halide photographic material using silver halide grains of 0.1. µm size or of 0.088 µm size (letter of 2 March 2000, page 4, last paragraph).

The Board does not agree. Apart from the haze values, table 1 displayed, inter alia, values for Dmax and contrast which the appellant did not take into consideration. Further, the appellant ignored that examples 1 to 3 were run as preliminary tests, in particular to determine the preformed silver halid grain size limits. The coated materials according to these examples served for preparing the photothermographic silver halide elements according to Claim 1. In examples 1 and 2 dye-S 1 was not used for the purpose of anti-halation but for the purpose of infra-red-sensitization. This results from the amount used, namely 0.34 mg/m2 (appellant's letter of 1. September 2000, page 6, lines 16 to 17) which is below the minimum generally required of 5 mg/m2 (patent in suit, page 7, lines 7 to 8).

The conclusion drawn from these preliminary tests in the patent in suit was that the 0.1 µm grain size was unacceptable for the types of application according to the patent in suit whereas 0.088 µm may be marginally acceptable (page 13, lines 46 to 47). Hence, the grain size of 0.1 µm has been excluded and grains having a size of =<0.088 µm qualified as acceptable candidates for running the experiments falling under the scope of Claim 1.

Therefore the grain size is relevant in respect of the technical problem to be solved.

2.4.2. With reference to T 939/92 the appellant objected that not all the photothermographic compositions covered by Claim 1 achieved the technical effects as defined under point 2.4. The appellant was of the opinion that the respondent had to prove the allegedly inventive effect with other dyes than those taken in the invention examples or to restrict its Claim 1 to the exemplified dyes only (letter of 11 April 2001, page 4, lines 2 to 17).

The Board does not agree. The burden of proof is on the appellant. In absence of any proof to the contrary the Board is satisfied that any dye falling within the scope of Claim 1 solves the technical problem as defined under point 2.4

The Board notes that the image quality of the photothermographic element of example 23 had a rating of 3 on a scale from 1 (severe halation) to 10 (no halation). However the quantity of dye used was 1.8. mg/m2 (table on page 19) whereas in the patent in suit it was stated that generally the minimum amount required was 5 mg/m2 (page 7, lines 7 to 8). Hence, the compositions according to the examples 23 to 25 are considered as a test series analysing the image quality in function of the amount of the antihalation dye. Image quality improved with increasing amounts of the indolenine dye (see examples 24 (3.7 mg/m2) and 25 (7.5 mg/m2) (ratings of 9 and 10, respectively)) but at the expense of speed reduction (patent in suit, page 18, lines 15 to 16 as well as the results compiled in the table on page 19). The preferences of characteristics are thus dictated by the need in the art.

2.4.3. In absence of any proof to the contrary the data in the table on page 19 and the examples 14 to 22 of the patent in suit show that the technical problem as defined under 2.4 was credibly solved.

2.5. The question which remains to be decided is whether the solution to this technical problem involves an inventive step or not.

2.6. The product according to document (1) differed, inter alia, from the subject-matter of Claim 1 in that it does not disclose the grain size of the silver halide used. Document (1) does not suggest any grain size being apt to solve the technical problem as defined under point 2.4.

As regards the grain size, the appellant cited documents (10) and (7) in order to show that these documents gave a hint to select a small grain size.

The Board finds that document (10) describes a model of "in-situ" formed silver halide (page 282, left-hand column, paragraph 2, line 1; page 288, left-hand column, paragraph 1, penultimate line) whereas the patent in suit concerns an "ex-situ" formation. Document (10) does not disclose the grain size distribution.

Further, document (7) is concerned with emulsions which are used in conventional wet processes whereas the patent in suit is concerned with photothermography involving a dry process. In document (7) there is no hint to photothermography.

The Board concludes that the skilled person would not have considered the teaching of document (7) or (10) for selecting preformed silver halide grains (i.e. formed "ex-situ") having a number average particle size of =<0.088 µm with at least 80% of all grains with ±0.05 µm of the average.

The reasoning of the appellant was based on an ex post facto analysis which draws on knowledge of the invention, in particular in respect of the grain size and the grain size distribution. An ex post facto analysis is however inadmissible.

2.7. Without giving a detailed reasoning showing the lack of inventive step over documents (9) and (12) the appellant referred to the arguments submitted by a third party during the opposition procedure (letter of 2. March 2000, page 4, paragraph 4).

Document (9) disclosed a general formula of a dye. Two dyes representing specific embodiments of this general formula have an IR absorbance of 0.3 as demonstrated in document (13).

Document (12) related to acutance dyes in dry silver compositions (page 1, lines 12 to 17).

However, there was no hint in any of these documents to the grain size and the grain size distribution as defined in Claim 1. Therefore these documents cannot lead to the claimed invention.

2.8. The same reasoning as set out under points 2.2 to 2.7 applies mutatis mutandis to Claim 9 directed to a process comprising, inter alia, the exposure of the element of Claim 1 to infrared radiation.

2.9. The subject-matter of Claims 1 and 9 involves an inventive step, and, therefore, meets the requirements of Article 56 EPC.

The dependent claims derive their patentability from the respective independent claims.

Order

ORDER

For these reasons it is decided that:

The appeal is dismissed.

Footer - Service & support
  • Service & support
    • Website updates
    • Availability of online services
    • FAQ
    • Publications
    • Procedural communications
    • Contact us
    • Subscription centre
    • Official holidays
    • Glossary
Footer - More links
  • Jobs & careers
  • Press centre
  • Single Access Portal
  • Procurement
  • Boards of Appeal
Facebook
European Patent Office
EPO Jobs
Instagram
EuropeanPatentOffice
Linkedin
European Patent Office
EPO Jobs
EPO Procurement
X (formerly Twitter)
EPOorg
EPOjobs
Youtube
TheEPO
Footer
  • Legal notice
  • Terms of use
  • Data protection and privacy
  • Accessibility