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J. Suspected partiality
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  4. Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office
  5. III. Rules common to all proceedings before the EPO
  6. J. Suspected partiality
  7. 4. Suspected partiality of members of the departments of first instance
  8. 4.4. Disqualifying partiality
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4. Suspected partiality of members of the departments of first instance

Overview

4.4. Disqualifying partiality

In T 261/88 of 16 February 1993 date: 1993-02-16 the board stated that disqualifying partiality presumed that there was a preconceived attitude on the part of a deciding person towards a party to the case. When considering an allegation of partiality (in this case mainly based on the fact that the examiner was a former employee of the opponent), regard must be had to the particular facts of the case (cf. G 5/91). That the examiner's views differed from those held by the party was not disqualifying in itself. The board held that disqualifying partiality was limited to situations where the opinion of a person responsible for taking decisions affecting the right of parties was swayed by his attitude towards a party.

In T 900/02 the board stated that a suspicion of partiality inevitably arose if a member of an opposition division, or any other first-instance body, first solicited and then accepted employment with a firm in which a partner or other employee was conducting a case pending before that member. It stressed that, to be above all suspicion of partiality, every member had to avoid any such situation at any time during the proceedings. No-one could be seen as independent of both parties while in the employ of one of them. The board held that the second examiner's employment by the respondent's representative's firm was both a fundamental deficiency in the first instance proceedings under Art. 10 RPBA 1980 and a substantial procedural violation under R. 67 EPC 1973.

In T 1055/05 the board decided that the examining division's refusal to minute the submissions of a party's representative during oral proceedings did not infringe the right to be heard or constitute grounds for suspecting partiality.

In T 710/15 the opposition division had rejected a new argument under Art. 114(2) EPC, which is only a basis for disregarding new facts or evidence. The board held that such an error of judgment did not prove the partiality of the chairman or the opposition division.

In T 568/17 the board noted that the examiner's communication had contained severe errors of judgment, but that this alone did not justify a suspicion of partiality. With reference to G 1/05 of 7 December 2006 date: 2006-12-07 (OJ 2007, 362), the board acknowledged that evidence of actual partiality was not required for an objection of suspected partiality to succeed. However, the suspicion of partiality must be justified on an objective basis which could be verified by the board. A mere allegation of unspecified and undocumented "negative statements" did not suffice.

New decisions
T 2274/22

Abstract

In T 2274/22 war ein Mitglied der Öffentlichkeit von Einsprechenden-Seite (Herr T.) vor Eröffnung der mündlichen Verhandlung unbeabsichtigt dem virtuellen Dolmetscher-Besprechungsraum zugeordnet worden, wo er mehr als 10 Minuten mithörte, bevor er die anderen Besprechungsteilnehmer darüber in Kenntnis setzte und ausgeschlossen wurde. Während dieser Zeit kommunizierte Herr T. dem zugelassenen Vertreter der Einsprechenden und seinem Kollegen Details aus dem mitgehörten Inhalt der Vorbesprechung. Kurz nach Eröffnung der mündlichen Verhandlung legte der Vertreter der Einsprechenden den obigen Vorfall offen. Die Patentinhaberin befürchtete eine Benachteiligung und sprach dabei eine Neubesetzung der Einspruchsabteilung an. Die Einsprechende stellte daraufhin mit einem Kurzprotokoll die erhaltenen Informationen schriftlich zur Verfügung. Die Patentinhaberin war der Auffassung, diese gingen entgegen der Aussage des Vorsitzenden über den Inhalt des Ladungszusatzes hinaus, und beantragte schriftlich die Ablehnung der Einspruchsabteilung wegen Besorgnis der Befangenheit.

Zur Frage, ob ein schwerwiegender Verfahrensfehler im Vorfeld der mündlichen Verhandlung begangen wurde, erläuterte die Kammer, die Anwesenheit einer Partei in einer Vorbesprechung zwischen einem oder mehreren Mitgliedern einer Einspruchsabteilung und den Dolmetschern stelle grundsätzlich einen Verfahrensfehler dar, unabhängig davon, ob dieser durch einen technischen oder menschlichen Fehler verursacht geworden sei. Ein solcher Verfahrensfehler müsse aber nicht zwangsläufig in einen schwerwiegenden münden. Vielmehr könne er dadurch geheilt werden, dass die abwesende Partei vor Eröffnung der sachlichen Debatte auf den gleichen Kenntnisstand wie die anwesende gebracht werde.

Nach Ansicht der Kammer konnte allein die Anwesenheit von Herrn T. beim Dolmetscher-Briefing auch keine Besorgnis der Befangenheit der Einspruchsabteilung begründen. Denn, da die Zuschaltung eines Parteivertreters in den virtuellen Besprechungsraum vorliegend unstreitig versehentlich erfolgt sei, und die Einspruchsabteilung sie umgehend beendet habe, sobald sie ihrer gewahr wurde, bestehe objektiv kein Verdacht, die Einspruchsabteilung habe hier willentlich für eine Bevorzugung der Einsprechenden gesorgt oder diese billigend in Kauf genommen. Jedoch sei die Tatsache, dass die Einspruchsabteilung den Vorfall nicht von sich aus angesprochen und der Patentinhaberin mitgeteilt habe, dazu geeignet, bei der Patentinhaberin den Eindruck einer Parteilichkeit zu erwecken. Dass die Einspruchsabteilung sich zudem auch nach Intervention der Einsprechenden, die ausdrücklich auf einen möglichen Verfahrensfehler hingewiesen hatte, nicht aktiv an der Aufklärung des Vorfalls beteiligte, sondern den Vorschlag der Einsprechenden, eine schriftliche Zusammenfassung einzureichen, abwartete und diesem lediglich zustimmte, könne einen solchen Eindruck noch verstärken. Dass eine inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung der Einspruchsabteilung mit dem Kurzprotokoll ausgeblieben sei, stelle aus Sicht eines objektiven Beobachters einen weiteren Umstand dar, der zum Anschein ihrer Befangenheit beitrage.

Die Kammer rief in Erinnerung, dass Besorgnis der Befangenheit bereits dann gegeben ist, wenn objektive Anhaltspunkte dafür vorliegen, auch wenn andere Tatsachen dagegensprechen mögen. Vorliegend war nach Ansicht der Kammer eine Befangenheit der Einspruchsabteilung objektiv zu besorgen, da diese keine der aufgetretenen Gelegenheiten ergriffen hatte, die Patentinhaberin selbst über den Vorfall zu informieren und selbst zu dessen Aufklärung beizutragen. Daher hätte dem Antrag der Patentinhaberin auf Ablehnung ihrer Mitglieder analog zu Art. 24(3) EPÜ stattgegeben und die Einspruchsabteilung neu besetzt werden müssen.

Die Kammer kam zu dem Schluss, dass die angefochtene Entscheidung nicht von der Einspruchsabteilung in ihrer ursprünglichen Besetzung hätte getroffen werden dürfen. Dass dies dennoch geschah, stelle einen schwerwiegenden Verfahrensmangel dar, der zur Aufhebung der angefochtenen Entscheidung und zur Zurückverweisung des Falls an eine neu zu besetzende Einspruchsabteilung führe. Darauf wie groß der ursprüngliche Fehler war, komme es in der Regel nicht an, wenn er letztlich ursächlich für einen wesentlichen Verfahrensmangel gewesen sei. Entscheidend sei allein, dass der aus ihm resultierende Verfahrensmangel als so schwerwiegend eingestuft wird, dass er zu einer Zurückverweisung führt. Dies sei vorliegend der Fall. Die Kammer wies zuletzt darauf hin, dass wegen der räumlichen Distanz und nur mittelbaren Präsenz in einer Videokonferenz, hier ein "schlechter Eindruck" zudem schneller entstehen könne und somit auch die Schwelle sinke, ab der eine Befangenheit befürchtet werden könne. Daher seien an eine ordnungsgemäße Verhandlungsführung und insbesondere den Umgang mit technischen Pannen hohe Maßstäbe anzulegen.

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