6.3.5 Use in the examination relating to the clarity requirement pursuant to Article 84 EPC

In a large number of decisions (see in this chapter II.A.6.3.1) the boards interpreted the claims in the light of the description and drawings in order to establish whether they were clear and concise.

In T 456/91 the board was of the opinion, that the clarity of a claim was not diminished by the mere breadth of a term of art contained in it, if the meaning of such term was unambiguous for a person skilled in the art, either per se or in the light of the description. In this case an extremely large number of compounds could be used for carrying out the invention. It was clear from the claims, when read in the light of the description, which peptides were suitable for the invention.

Likewise, in T 860/93 (OJ 1995, 47) the board assumed that the description might be used to determine whether the claims were clear. In so doing it took its cue from the general legal principle whereby the best interpretation is that made from what precedes and what follows. It accepted the reasoning in T 454/89 (see below), namely that the description could only be used to determine the extent of the protection conferred and not to establish clarity, only in the case of claims which were self-contradictory, but not in general (see also T 884/93, T 287/97). In several decisions the boards stated that a patent may be its own dictionary (see in this chapter II.A.6.3.3).

However, a number of decisions emphasise the limits to the use of the description and drawings in the examination relating to the clarity requirement.

T 2/80 (OJ 1981, 431) pointed out that a claim did not comply with the requirement of clarity laid down in Art. 84 EPC 1973 if it was not, per se, free of contradiction. It had to be possible to understand the claims without reference to the description (see also T 412/03, T 129/13, T 1531/21). In decision T 454/89 the board shared this view and explained that Art. 84 EPC 1973 requires that claims must be clear in themselves when read using normal skills, including knowledge of the prior art but not any knowledge derived from the description contained in the patent application or the amended patent. While it was true that Art. 69 EPC 1973 allowed the description to be used to interpret the claims, it was only concerned with the extent of protection conferred as one of the effects of an application or patent whenever that extent had to be determined, particularly for third parties. It was not concerned with a claim's definition of the matter for which protection was sought, as was Art. 84 EPC 1973. In the course of the examination of an application or of an opposition, therefore, the applicant or patentee could not rely on Art. 69 EPC 1973 as a substitute for an amendment which would be necessary to remedy a lack of clarity. The board took the same line in decision T 760/90.

In T 1129/97 (OJ 2001, 273), the board held that the mere fact that the precise meaning of an unclear term ("low alkyl") was expressly disclosed in the description but not in the claims did not mean that the latter met the clarity requirement. The clarity stipulation under Art. 84 EPC 1973 concerned only the claims, and therefore – according to the established case law of the EPO boards of appeal – required that they be clear in themselves, without there being any need for the skilled person to refer to the description. True, under Art. 69(1) EPC 1973 the description was to be used to interpret the claims. But Art. 69 EPC 1973 concerned only the extent of protection where this was at issue, e.g. with third parties, and not (as in Art. 84 EPC 1973) the definition of the matter to be protected by a claim. Confirmed in T 64/03, T 56/04, T 1265/13.

In T 49/99 the board held that since clarity was a claim requirement, a clarity deficiency in the claim wording was not rectified by the fact that the description and the drawings would help the reader to understand the technical subject-matter that the claim was intended to define. See also T 623/13, T 1531/21.

In T 56/04 the board pointed out that a claim containing an unclear technical feature prevented its subject-matter from being identified beyond doubt. That was particularly the case if the unclear feature was meant to delimit the claimed subject-matter from the state of the art. The board therefore took the view that a vague or unclear term which was used in the claim and a precise definition which was to be found only in the description could be allowed only in exceptional cases to delimit the claimed subject-matter from the state of the art. Such an exception pursuant – mutatis mutandis – to R. 29(6) EPC 1973 (now R. 43(6) EPC) exists if the precise definition – for whatever reason – cannot be incorporated into the claim, and the precise definition of the vague or unclear term is unambiguously and directly identifiable by a skilled person from the description. In T 56/04 the board said that an exception was not involved. The specific value of "approximately 1 mm" disclosed in the description could have been incorporated into the claim itself instead of "slightly less than [...]". See also T 623/13.

On the extent to which it must be clear from the claim itself how parameters are to be determined when a product is characterised by parameters, see in this chapter II.A.3.6. In a number of decisions it is stressed that the claims must be clear in themselves when read with the normal skills but without any knowledge derived from the description (see e.g. T 412/02 and T 908/04). According to the board in T 992/02 however, the requirement of conciseness under Art. 84 EPC justified not including the procedure for measuring the parameter in the claim, as this was clearly identified in the description and did not give rise to any ambiguity.

In T 2968/19 the board stressed that in examination proceedings – in contrast to the interpretation of granted patent claims – the principle that the missing essential features should be incorporated into the claim and that the meaning of the features should be clear for the skilled person from the claim wording alone (see G 1/04, point 6.2 of the Reasons) must be satistied first. The appellant submitted that using the description as its own dictionary could be admissible to interpret patent claims in opposition proceedings if features could no longer be objected to under Art. 84 EPC but nevertheless have to be interpreted. However, according to the board, there were limits to the use of the description to interpret the claims (cf. "primacy of the claim" in T 1473/19, T 169/20), in particular in so far as features missing in the claim (and not implicitly established taking account of the technical understanding of the terms used in the claim) cannot be read into the claim.