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I. Patentability
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  5. I. Patentability
  6. C. Novelty
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C. Novelty

Overview

C. Novelty

You are viewing the 9th edition (2019) of this publication; for the 10th edition (2022) see here

1.General

2.State of the art

2.1.General
2.2.Applications with same filing or priority date
2.3.Relevant date of documents
2.4.Prior rights – Article 54(3) EPC
2.4.1European prior rights
2.4.2Applicability of Article 54(3) EPC in cases of potentially colliding European parent and divisional applications
2.4.3Excluded national prior rights
2.4.4PCT applications as state of the art
2.5.Non-prejudicial disclosures under Article 55 EPC
2.6.In-house knowledge not published before the priority date
2.7.Prior art acknowledged in a patent application
2.8.Common general knowledge
2.8.1Definition of "common general knowledge"
2.8.2Patent specifications as common general knowledge
2.8.3Specialist journals as common general knowledge
2.8.4Databases as common general knowledge
2.8.5Proof of common general knowledge

3.Availability to the public

3.1.General
3.2.Ways of making information available to the public
3.2.1Publications and other printed documents
a)General
b)Company papers
c)Advertising brochure
d)Report available in the specialist field
e)Books
f)Instruction manual
g)Patent and utility models
h)Trade names
i)Abstracts of documents
3.2.2Lectures and oral disclosure
3.2.3Internet disclosures
a)General
b)Public availability of a document stored on the World Wide Web
c)Publication date
3.2.4Public prior use
a)General
b)Public prior use occurred
c)No public prior use
d)Internal structure or composition of a product
3.2.5Biological material
3.3.The concept of "the public"
3.3.1Sale to a single customer
3.3.2Making available to a person not skilled in the art
3.3.3A limited circle of people
3.3.4Public library
3.4.Obligation to maintain secrecy
3.4.1General
3.4.2Parts for serial production
3.4.3Distribution of prospectuses, technical descriptions
3.4.4Commercial inter-relationships and interests
3.4.5Demonstrating products for presentation purposes
3.4.6Presenting the product in writing
3.4.7Making samples/products available for test purposes
3.4.8Conferences
3.4.9Public availability of documents submitted for standardisation
3.4.10Joint venture and other commercial agreements
3.4.11Paper submitted to obtain an academic degree
3.4.12Medical field
3.4.13Notary
3.5.Evidence
3.5.1Burden of proof
3.5.2Standard of proof
a)General
b)Public prior use
c)Internet – proof of the date of availability

4.Determining the content of the relevant prior art

4.1.General rules of interpretation
4.2.Combinations within a prior art document
4.3.Taking implicit features into account
4.4.Taking intrinsic features into account
4.5.Taking equivalents into account
4.6.Taking drawings into account
4.7.Taking examples into account
4.8.Broad claims
4.9.Deficiencies and mistakes in a disclosure
4.10.Accidental disclosure
4.11.Reproducibility of the content of the disclosure

5.Ascertaining differences

5.1.Comparing each individual item from the prior art
5.2.Distinguishing features
5.2.1Difference in wording
5.2.2Differences in values
5.2.3Difference in parameters
5.2.4Difference in composition
5.2.5Functional features
5.2.6Generic disclosure
5.2.7Product claim with process features
5.2.8Non-technical distinguishing features

6.Chemical inventions and selection inventions

6.1.General
6.2.Novelty of chemical compounds and groups of compounds
6.2.1Anticipation of certain compounds
a)Definition of a substance by its structural formula or other parameters
b)Selection of starting substances from different lists
c)Selection on the basis of a general formula
6.2.2Novelty of groups of substances
6.2.3Novelty of enantiomers
6.2.4Achieving a higher degree of purity
6.3.Selection of parameter ranges
6.3.1Selection from a broad range
6.3.2Overlapping ranges
6.3.3Multiple selection
6.4.Subject-matter group

7.First and second medical use

7.1.First medical use
7.1.1Introduction
7.1.2Scope of a purpose-related product claim
7.1.3Protection of a preparation in the form of a "kit-of-parts"
7.1.4Further technical information as compared with the state of the art
7.2.Second (or further) medical use
7.2.1Introduction
7.2.2Transitional provisions
7.2.3Purpose-limited product claims and Swiss-type claims – scope of protection
7.2.4Novelty of the therapeutic application
a)General
b)New therapeutic application based on the group of subjects to be treated
c)New technical effect
d)Same illness
e)New dosage regimen
f)New therapy with a different mode of administration
g)Interpretation of "substance or composition"
h)Statement of purpose of surgical use for a known instrument
i)Discovery of a previously unknown property of a compound underlying the known effect
j)Whether there is a therapeutic method

8.Second (or further) non-medical use

8.1.Novelty criteria for use claims and process claims containing a purpose feature
8.1.1General issues decided before the Enlarged Board of Appeal
8.1.2Non-therapeutic treatment of animals
a)Non-therapeutic application
8.1.3Applicability of G 2/88 and G 6/88 to process claims
a)General
b)Different treatment of use and process claims
c)Interpretation of process claims
d)Use of a known process for a particular purpose
e)Discovery of new properties/technical effects underlying the known use
f)Use of a substance to achieve a technical effect only attained in special circumstances
8.1.4Statement of purpose in non-medical use claims in view of Article 52(4) EPC 1973
8.1.5Novelty criteria for product claims with purpose characteristics
New decisions
T 2702/18

1. Zwischen Zulieferern und Kunden der Fahrzeugindustrie ist ein branchenübliches Vertrauensverhältnis anzunehmen, das es qua Handelsbrauch verbietet, dass der Zulieferer Betriebsgeheimnisse des Kunden, in deren Besitz er im Rahmen der Kooperation mit diesem kommt, an beliebige Dritte weitergibt. Hieraus ergibt sich aber keine Verpflichtung des Zulieferers, sein eigenes Wissen oder aus der Kooperation erlangte Kenntnisse über Vorrichtungen, die der Kunde bereits zuvor öffentlich zugänglich gemacht hatte, geheim zu halten. 2. Eine weitergehende stillschweigende Geheimhaltungsvereinbarung über sämtliche Umstände einer Kooperation setzt (im Anschluss an T 830/90, Gründe 3.2.2) voraus, dass beide Parteien einen entsprechenden Rechtsbindungswillen hatten und konkludent zum Ausdruck brachten, die gemeinsame Entwicklung nicht an die Öffentlichkeit gelangen zu lassen - zumindest nicht solange,wie ein gemeinsames Interesse an einer Geheimhaltung besteht. 3. Die Annahme einer tatsächlichen Vermutung, dass die Partner einer gemeinsamen Weiterentwicklung im Bereich des Fahrzeugbaus sich im Zweifel bis zur Veröffentlichung des entwickelten Produkts gegenseitig bindend zur Geheimhaltung verpflichten wollen, setzt als Anknüpfungstatsachen zumindest die Feststellung des Bewusstseins voraus, dass es sich um eine gemeinsame Entwicklung beider Partner handelt, und dass beide Seiten an einer Geheimhaltung interessiert sein werden.

T 2037/18

1. Nach den im Rahmen des EPÜ geltenden Regeln zur Darlegungs- und Beweislast hat jede Partei die ihr günstigen Tatsachen vorzutragen und zu beweisen, 'negativa non sunt probanda' (siehe Punkte 4 und 8).

2. Dementsprechend ist die Übergabe eines vorbenutzten Gegenstandes an einen Käufer durch den Einsprechenden vorzutragen und zu beweisen, die etwaige Bindung des Empfängers durch eine Geheimhaltungsvereinbarung (=Vertraulichkeitsabrede) vom Patentinhaber (siehe Punkt 8).

3. Der Vortrag des Patentinhabers kann zwar ggfs. zur Entstehung einer sekundären Darlegungs- und Beweislast des Einsprechenden führen, dies jedoch nur 'ex nunc' und damit ohne Auswirkung auf das Substantiierungserfordernis im Rahmen der Einspruchsschrift gemäß Regel 76 (2) c), 3. Punkt EPÜ (siehe Punkte 10 bis 13).

4. Es besteht keine aus der Rechtsprechung der Beschwerdekammern bekannte Vermutung, wonach zwischen Herstellern von Schienenfahrzeugen und Bahnbetreibergesell­schaften bezüglich ausgelieferter und abgenommener Fahrzeuge in der Regel Vertraulichkeit vereinbart ist (siehe Punkt 17).

T 1599/18

Lack of novelty (see point 14): there is no need that a prior art document explicitly mentions the claimed features. It is necessary and sufficient that an embodiment falling under the claim scope be directly and unambiguously derivable from the prior art document. That an alternative exists does not change this: it is possible that multiple alternatives can be considered directly und unambiguously derivable, even when none is explicitly mentioned. Right to be heard (see points 18 and 29): the right to be heard does not entail a right to an amendment, but a right to present comments on why a specific request should be admitted to the proceedings.

T 1338/18

La découverte de l'ampleur d'un effet survenant lors de l'utilisation d'un produit de l'état de la technique, lorsqu'un tel effet était connu être exercé par ledit produit, ne justifie pas que cette ampleur, comparée à celle obtenue avec un autre produit qui était connu posséder le même effet, puisse à elle seule servir de base à une caractéristique technique d'ordre fonctionnel (cf. points 3.2 à 3.6.4 des motifs).

T 2117/17

a) Besonders strenge Bedingungen sind an ein verspätetes Vorbringen einer offenkundigen Vorbenutzung geknüpft, insbesondere dann, wenn die Vorbenutzung durch die Verfahrensbeteiligten selbst erfolgt sein soll. Gerade in einem solchen Fall wäre von der Einsprechenden zu erwarten gewesen, Informationen über die eigenen Produkte schon vor der Einspruchsabteilung vorzubringen, um eine Zurückverweisung zu vermeiden (Punkt 4.2.8).

b) Obwohl zwar die Verfahrensschritte als solche in einem Vorrichtungsanspruch nicht unmittelbar Teil des Schutzumfangs sind, versteht die Fachperson aber, dass die Vorrichtung dazu eingerichtet sein muss, die Verfahrensschritte auszuführen (Punkt 5.2.3).

T 386/17

A claimed feature that an angle has a magnitude of "more than 0 degrees" does not establish novelty over a prior art disclosure in which the corresponding angle is equal to 0 degrees, since the feature encompasses values closer to 0 degrees than the finite error margin to which the determination of the magnitude of the angle would always be subject, and such values would, in practice, be indistinguishable from 0 degrees (see Reasons, point 2.8, confirming T 594/01).

T 32/17

The deposit of a hybridoma under Rule 31 EPC for compliance with the disclosure requirement of Article 83 EPC does not in itself convey any technical information about the molecular structure of the monoclonal antibody produced by said hybridoma, such as its amino acid sequence (see points 5 to 17 of the Reasons).

T 2350/16

Rolle des Fachmanns bei ber Neuheitsprüfung (siehe Punkt 7.3 der Entscheidungsgründe)

T 2218/16

Sufficiency of disclosure - burden of proof, Novelty - new clinical situation

T 1950/16

An ISBN number is a unique identifier which usually indicates that a book has been made publicly available. A copyright notice usually indicates the year of publication. Both are typically found at the beginning of a book, at the copyright page (edition notice). Taken together, they usually indicate that a book has been made available to the public in a certain year (see point 3.1 of the Reasons).

T 1099/16

In order to decide whether a claim to the use of a known compound for a particular purpose, based on a technical effect which is described in the patent, should be interpreted as including that technical effect as a functional technical feature according to G 2/88, the Board finds that G 2/88 does not require the technical effect to be described in the patent in a manner sufficiently clear and complete to make the actual achievement of that technical effect credible (Reasons 17). This finding applies even to a case where the ground for opposition under Article 100(b) EPC cannot be considered in the appeal proceedings (Reasons 24). If, for the assessment of inventive step, it has to be determined whether the purpose defined in the claim can be interpreted as a limiting functional feature, the question whether the technical effect is described in the patent merely involves considering whether a skilled person can recognise what technical effect underlies the new purpose claimed (Reasons 20).

T 694/16

If a claim is directed to a known compound or composition for use in a therapeutic method of treatment or prevention of a disease, and the claim specifies that the subject to be treated displays a clearly defined and detectable marker, which is not displayed by all subjects affected by or likely to develop that disease, then the purposive selection of the patients displaying the marker for the specified treatment is a functional feature characterising the claim. (Points 5.1-5.21 of the Reasons)

T 2239/15

 A disclosure is regarded as made available to the public if, at the relevant date, it was possible for members of the public to gain knowledge of its contents and there was no bar of confidentiality restricting the use or dissemination of such knowledge (T 877/90).

In the absence of an explicit confidentiality agreement, a bar of confidentiality cannot be seen to have been in place, in the present case. In view of the collaborative nature of the development process and the consensus-building procedure inherent to MPEG, confidentiality could not be guaranteed.

The evidence points to a system designed to guarantee a certain "privacy" of its data while at the same time being sufficiently pragmatic and flexible to allow consultation with other parties in order for it satisfactorily to fulfil its mission.

T 2090/15

Novelty of non-medical use claims: the mere discovery of a new property or capability of a particular ingredient of a known composition used for a known purpose cannot confer novelty (reasons, 1.3)

T 1385/15

Einem Anspruch auf eine weitere nicht-medizinische Verwendung kann Neuheit nicht abgesprochen werden, wenn die beanspruchte technische Wirkung des Stoffes und die beanspruchte Verwendungsweise nicht in Kombination im Stand der Technik offenbart sind (Punkt 2.4 der Begründung).

T 1370/15

Not only in ex parte-, but also in inter partes appeal proceedings, a board is allowed to introduce new ex officio common general knowledge without evidence of such knowledge which prejudices maintenance of the patent, to the extent that the board is knowledgeable in the respective technical field from the experience of its members working on cases in this field. (See Reasons, point 5.3)

T 1727/14

Artikel in Fachzeitschriften und Fachwissen (siehe Punkt 1.1) Zulassung einer Erklärung, die einen Bruch einer Geheimhaltungsverpflichtung darstellen könnte (siehe Punkt 1.2)

T 1657/14

see Reasons - points 2.4.3 and 2.4.5

T 116/14

Auslegung der Zweckangabe in einem Vorrichtungsanspruch und entsprechende Neuheitsprüfung (siehe Punkt 4.2.6 der Gründe).

OJ Supplementary Publications
Case law 2021
Case law 2020

ABl. EPA 2021, Zusatzpublikation 2
OJ EPO 2021, Supplementary publication 2
JO OEB 2021, Publication supplémentaire 2

Case law 2019

ABl. EPA 2020, Zusatzpublikation 4
OJ EPO 2020, Supplementary publication 4
JO OEB 2020, Publication supplémentaire 4

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