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III. Rules common to all proceedings before the EPO
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  2. Legal texts
  3. Case Law of the Boards of Appeal
  4. Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office
  5. III. Rules common to all proceedings before the EPO
  6. J. Suspected partiality
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J. Suspected partiality

Overview

J. Suspected partiality

1.General principles

1.1.Exclusion and objection
1.2.Rationale and importance
1.3.The European Convention on Human Rights
1.4.Parties' right to have their case decided by the judge designated by law
1.4.1Allocation of appeals
1.4.2Use of objective criteria to determine correctness of composition
1.5."Subjective" and "objective" test, presumption of impartiality
1.6.Applicability of Article 24 EPC to first-instance proceedings
1.7.Applicability of Article 24 EPC to disciplinary proceedings

2.Initiation of partiality proceedings and other procedural issues

2.1.Notices of self-recusation
2.2.Objection by other board members of the same board of appeal
2.3.Objection by a party to a board member or members
2.4.Objection by a third party

3.Admissibility

3.1.Competence of the board in its original composition
3.2.Obligation to raise the objection immediately
3.3.Objection must be reasoned and substantiated
3.4.No objection to the board as a whole
3.5.Objection based on an obviously wrong understanding of the board's procedural obligations, the right to be heard and the principle of a fair trial
3.6.Repetition of a previous objection
3.7.Dual function as members of the Enlarged Board and another board of appeal

4.Suspected partiality of members of the departments of first instance

4.1.Competence to decide
4.2.Remittal and rehearing of a case
4.3.Personal interest
4.4.Disqualifying partiality

5.Suspected partiality of members of the boards of appeal

5.1.Grounds for exclusion under Article 24(1) EPC
5.1.1Previous involvement of a board member as a party's representative in the case in question
5.1.2Participation in the decision under appeal
5.2.Grounds for exclusion under Article 24(2) EPC: any other reason
5.3.Grounds for objection under Article 24(3) EPC
5.3.1Expressions of preliminary opinions
5.3.2Disqualifying partiality
5.3.3Late filed objections under Article 24(3) EPC
5.3.4Discretionary procedural decisions negatively affecting a party
5.4.Comments of the board member concerned

6.Suspected partiality of members of the Enlarged Board of Appeal

6.1.Referral proceedings under Article 112 EPC
6.1.1Previous participation in cases as members of the boards of appeal
6.1.2Previous involvement in the preparation of legislation
6.1.3Previous expressions of opinion on the legal issues to be decided
6.2.Petition for review proceedings under Article 112a EPC
6.2.1Previous participation in cases as members of the boards of appeal
6.2.2Article 24(3) EPC objection under Article 112a(2)(a) EPC
6.2.3Expressions of preliminary opinions
6.2.4Suspected partiality of the Chair of the Enlarged Board of Appeal who at the same time was Vice-President of Directorate-General 3 (VP3)
7.Legal restrictions for former board members
New decisions
T 0246/23

In T 246/23 of 11 March 2026 the board rejected the objection under Art. 24(3) EPC and refused the opponent's request for cost apportionment.

During the oral proceedings in T 246/23 of 7 August 2025, when the debate on auxiliary request 5 was opened, the board in its original composition (the "original board") had informed the parties of its preliminary view that the request contravened the principle of no reformatio in peius. The patent proprietor (respondent) had then raised an objection of suspected partiality against all board members, arguing that an objection based on this principle could only be raised by another party, not by the board. It submitted that, since the board had raised the objection ex officio, it was "on the side" of the opponent (appellant) and thus suspected to be partial. The original board had found the objection admissible and the composition of the board was changed for the purposes of a decision on the objection under Art. 24(3) EPC (the board in its new composition in the following referred to as "the board").

The board noted that, on the substance of the objection, the respondent relied on two core arguments, neither of which was convincing: (1) that the specific nature of the prohibition of reformatio in peius prevented the board from raising it ex officio, and (2) that established case law supported this view.

On (1), the board stated that the prohibition of reformatio in peius is not so exceptional as to completely escape the board's powers under Art. 114 EPC. It noted that any objection raised by the board ex officio in an inter-partes procedure can be perceived as being in a certain contradiction with the board's obligation to remain neutral towards the parties. However, if the parties were free to raise the objection of suspicion of partiality in all cases where a board exercises its powers under Art. 114 EPC, such powers would be effectively eliminated. The board also rejected the argument that raising the prohibition ex officio contradicts the principle of party disposition. This principle concerned the substantive outcome of proceedings, i.e. the scope of the legal effects sought, and did not extend to the legal arguments raised by either the parties or the court for achieving the requested legal effects. In the present case, the opponent requested the revocation of the patent, and the original board's finding that auxiliary request 5 was not allowable, for whatever reason, was clearly within the scope of the appellant's appeal request for revocation.

On (2), the board pointed out that there was no settled case law forbidding the board from raising the objection ex officio. It added that this could not even be derived from cited decision T 1544/07. In its view, T 1544/07 only found that the deciding board had no obligation to raise the objection under the special circumstances of that case, where the opponent itself had explicitly waived the right to raise it. The decision did not state that a board is prevented from raising the objection ex officio as a question of principle. Rather, it appeared to suggest that a board may, but need not, raise it where the affected party renounces this defence. A far stricter position was taken in T 882/17, cited by the opponent, where the deciding board disagreed with T 1544/07 and unambiguously stated that the board not just may, but must take the prohibition into account, and also ex officio. This decision was followed by other decisions (T 1773/22, T 1472/21).

The board explained that, to decide the issue before it (i.e. the objection of suspected partiality) it was sufficient to establish that, contrary to the proprietor's argument, case law was far from settled. The mere existence of another line of case law, T 882/17, recognising the board's entitlement to raise the prohibition objection, was sufficient to establish that the original board could not be considered partial solely for raising the objection. According to the board, a board of appeal is always entitled and in fact obliged to examine the boundaries of its own powers to raise an ex officio objection. If necessary, it is also entitled to question findings of previous decisions on the same issue. The original board was under no obligation to seek the proprietor's permission or to maintain the objection only contingent on the opponent's intention to pursue it.

The board concluded that the objection under Art. 24(3) EPC was unsubstantiated. It also refused the opponent's request for cost apportionment, noting that it could not qualify the procedural conduct of the proprietor as an abuse of procedure.

T 1876/23

In case T 1876/23 beantragte die Beschwerdeführerin (Patentinhaberin) unter anderem, das Verfahren an die erste Instanz zurückzuverweisen, sowie die Neubesetzung der Einspruchsabteilung für das weitere Verfahren. Sie begründete dies damit, dass die Einspruchsabteilung befangen gewesen sei und die Kammer deshalb die neue Zusammensetzung anordnen solle.

Unter Verweis auf die Rechtsprechung der Großen Beschwerdekammer erinnerte die Kammer daran, dass keine tatsächliche Befangenheit des Organs des EPA vorliegen muss. Es genügt, wenn eine begründete Besorgnis der Befangenheit besteht (G 1/05). Erfüllen nicht alle Mitglieder einer Abteilung das Erfordernis der Unparteilichkeit, so ist bei der Besetzung der Abteilung ein Verfahrensfehler begangen worden, der die Entscheidung in der Regel nichtig macht. Es fällt eindeutig in die Zuständigkeit der Beschwerdekammern, zu entscheiden, ob diese Anforderung erfüllt worden ist (G 5/91)..

Die Beschwerdeführerin führte zahlreiche Gründe auf, die die Befangenheit der Einspruchsabteilung belegen sollten. Insbesondere wurde die Verzögerung bei der Zustellung der Niederschrift und der Entscheidung gerügt, die zu knappe oder fehlende Begründung der Entscheidung, falsches Ausüben des Ermessens, falsche Entscheidungen, neue Einwände während der mündlichen Verhandlung, unberücksichtigte Tatsachen in den Bescheiden vor der Verhandlung, keine Ausführung eines obiter dictum, Verweigerung der Zulassung neuer Hilfsanträge trotz neuer Argumente und insbesondere die Gesamtheit all dieser Gründe.

Die Kammer konnte einerseits bei keinem Einzelnen der oben aufgeführten Gründe an sich einen schweren Verfahrensfehler feststellen, der als stichhaltiger Beweis für eine Befangenheit der Abteilung ausreichend wäre. Andererseits merkte die Kammer an, dass die Einspruchsabteilung Hilfsanträge während der Verhandlung nicht zugelassen hatte. Wenn aber neue Argumente während der mündlichen Verhandlung vorgebracht werden, muss der Kammer zufolge gemäß Art. 116 EPÜ der betroffenen Partei die Gelegenheit gegeben werden, auf diese Argumente zu reagieren.

Der Kammer zufolge hätte die Einspruchsabteilung der Beschwerdeführerin deshalb die Gelegenheit geben müssen, mindestens einen neuen Hilfsantrag als Reaktion auf die neuen, während der mündlichen Verhandlung vorgebrachten Einwände und Argumente einzureichen, bzw. hätte die neu eingereichten Hilfsanträge zumindest prima facie prüfen müssen. Dies wertete die Kammer als schweren Verfahrensfehler. Die Einspruchsabteilung scheint die Absicht gehabt zu haben, der Patentinhaberin nicht die notwendige Möglichkeit zu geben, die Einwände unter Art. 123(2) EPÜ auszuräumen. Dies erweckte bei der Kammer einen begründeten Zweifel an der Unparteilichkeit der Einspruchsabteilung. Außerdem hätte ein objektiver Betrachter angesichts der hohen Anzahl, Summe und Gesamtheit der genannten Einwände begründete Zweifel an der Unparteilichkeit der Einspruchsabteilung im vergangenen Verfahrensabschnitt und insbesondere für das weitere Verfahren. Die Kammer war daher der Meinung, dass eine begründete Besorgnis der Befangenheit der Einspruchsabteilung vorlag. Wenn eine solche Besorgnis der Befangenheit festgestellt werden kann, betrifft dies der Kammer zufolge auch die Entscheidung über den Hauptantrag. Deshalb war die Kammer der Meinung, dass alleine wegen der Besorgnis der Befangenheit auch schon bei der Entscheidung über den Hauptantrag ein schwerer Verfahrensfehler vorlag. Die Besorgnis der Befangenheit hat sich für einen objektiven Betrachter erst bei der Nichtzulassung weiterer Hilfsanträge trotz neuer Einwände manifestieren können..

Die Kammer hob die angefochtene Entscheidung auf und verwies die Sache an eine neu zusammen zu setzende Einspruchsabteilung zurück. Sie begründete dies damit, dass die Einspruchsabteilung im bisherigen Verfahren zumindest den Anschein der Befangenheit erweckt und durch Verletzung des rechtlichen Gehörs einen Verfahrensfehler begangen hat. Abschließend merkte sie an, dass sie selbst nicht über die Befugnis verfügt, die Ersetzung der Mitglieder anzuordnen und die Zusammensetzung der Einspruchsabteilung zu bestimmen.

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